Non-paper

Outcome Document –Inventory of issues                                                                                    


Note: The following are the proposed sources of information to be consulted by the Working Group in the preparation of the Outcome Document for the Durban Review Conference
State responses to the questionnaire
Stakeholder responses to the questionnaire
Outcome documents of regional meetings held in preparation of the Durban Review Conference
Discussions and submissions made during PrepComs
Relevant UN reports and papers
Official reports of Special Procedures and other mandate holders
Reports and proceedings of post-Durban mechanisms (including panel discussions, study of experts, reports of visits, other outputs)
Reports and outputs of regional intergovernmental bodies (eg AU, EU, OAS, etc)
Relevant submissions before the Human Rights Council (eg the appearance of Durban mechanisms, UPR, etc)
Officially-commissioned research papers and studies on the subjects of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance
Other official reports or sources 

1. Review of progress and assessment of implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action by all stakeholders at the national, regional and international levels, including the assessment of contemporary manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance:

Introduction

At the last PrepCom in April 2008, the issue of reviewing progress and assessment of implementation of the DDPA was discussed in open plenary against Objective 1 of the Durban Review Conference. There was general consensus that the Durban Declaration and Plan of Action (DDPA) should be the comprehensive framework against which the Durban Review Conference (DRC) should be held. In particular the DRC should aim at:
1) Taking stock of progress in the implementation of all provisions of the DDPA at the national, regional and international level and identifying lessons learned and good practices in an objective and impartial manner.
At the national level attention should be given, inter alia, to the following areas: enactment of adequate legislation in line with international standards; ratification of CERD, declaration under its article 14, compliance with reporting obligations, as well as progress in implementing concluding observations; establishment of national institutions and other mechanisms, including judicial and administrative, to monitor and combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance; the role of parliaments in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;  implementation of affirmative actions; development of national policies against racism, including plans of action; collection of disaggregated statistics; efforts to combat impunity for acts of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance; cooperation with Durban follow-up mechanisms; development of awareness raising programmes.   The responses provided by States to the questionnaire and the report of the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the DDPA will represent a good basis for this review. 
At the regional level attention should be given, inter alia, to the following areas: the existence and effectiveness of regional mechanisms to monitor and combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance; the organization of regional meetings on relevant issues; the work and role of regional organizations in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance; the development of regional standards; the development of regional networks of organizations and mechanisms to combat discrimination.

At the international level attention should be given to the work of the Durban follow-up mechanisms, as well as the work of relevant human rights mechanisms, especially the Special Rapporteur on racism and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 
2) Assessing the main challenges and obstacles to the implementation of the DDPA. In doing due attention should be paid to contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. Among specific issues of concern that were mentioned are: political platforms promoting racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance; intellectual and political legitimization of racism; racial profiling, particularly in the context of anti-terrorism measures; extreme nationalism promoting ideas of racial superiority; the balance between freedom of expression and defamation of religion and incitement to hatred and discrimination; governance; access to justice for victims; impact of discrimination on multiple grounds on individuals and groups; racial discrimination against women; forms of racism affecting women and children; anti-Semitism; the lack of political will to address racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance; the situation of migrant workers; (the link between racism and self-determination)
3) Identifying concrete ways and means to further promote the implementation of the DDPA and to combat all forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. In this context, the importance of the recommendations of the Durban follow-up mechanisms and the HR mechanisms, in particular the SR on racism and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination were mentioned. Among issues to be considered are, inter alia: the creation of forward-looking national, regional and international mechanisms to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance- including possibly an observatory within OHCHR; the need to invest in an education based on human rights and promoting multiculturalism; the development of a racial equality index; the need to invest more on prevention and early warning.
Global assessment of implementation of DDPA

Americas

The World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, held in Durban in 2001 influenced three main developments: 1) the process of drafting an Inter-American Convention against Racism and All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance; 2) the discussion about the project for an American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; and 3) the establishment of rapporteurships to focus on issues facing particularly vulnerable social groups.

In June 2005, the General Assembly of the OAS approved resolution AG/RES. 2126 (XXXV-O/05) establishing a Working Group to prepare a draft for an Inter-American Convention against Racism. This preparation process has involved representatives of the Member States, UN experts, other experts, representatives of international organizations, and representatives of civil society organizations of several countries of the region. A public consultation process that ended on 31 July, 2006 was also conducted to hear suggestions and proposals from the civil society. 

The draft Inter-American Convention against Racism and All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance was consolidated with observations and comments from the OAS member states in November 2006. The draft intends to reflect social changes so as to become an effective regional instrument for combating racism and all forms of intolerance, taking into account the specificities of the Americas.

The preliminary draft of the Inter-American Convention Against Racism and All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance is considered as an innovative one because it recognizes that the victims of racism, discrimination and intolerance in the Americas are, inter alia, Afro-descendents, Indigenous peoples, migrants, refugees and displaced persons and their families, as well as other racial, ethnic, sexual, cultural, religious and linguistic groups or minorities (article 1, paragraph 2, a and article 3);

Situation in individual countries in the Americas
Canada
Some advances have been achieved locally. In 2002, the Yukon Territory Human Rights Act was enacted with the objective of discouraging and eliminating discrimination in the Yukon (article 1.1). It prohibited discrimination based on a vast array of causes, including ancestry, colour, race and ethnic background or language (article 7), and it made it clear that affirmative action programs should not be considered discriminatory (article 13). 
In 2004, the Canadian Human Rights Commission established a new Discrimination Prevention Program with the following objectives: “preventing discrimination by encouraging managers to be aware of their responsibilities under the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Employment Equity Act; putting in place and supporting human rights-related policies and practices; establishing and maintaining effective mechanisms to address complaints internally; and continuing to deal effectively and rapidly with human rights concerns.
Costa Rica
As to protection offered to Indigenous peoples, in 2006 a public consultation process was held to listen to Indigenous peoples about Bill n. 14352, which aims at fostering the autonomous development of Indigenous communities and includes the right to govern their lands, to develop, and to protect their traditions and culture. The Bill also intends to have the government agency National Commission for Indigenous Affairs (CONAI) superseded by a Council in which all Indigenous peoples would be represented. It also plans to promote pluri-cultural education, grant to Indigenous peoples patents for traditional plant medicines, and establish Indigenous workshops. In 2006, Decree n. 33121-S established the National Council for Indigenous Peoples Health, which acts as an advisory board for the Ministry of Health in matters concerning Indigenous health at public and private levels.
In 2005, the Commission for Education and Inclusion of African-Costa Ricans was set up by Presidential Decree n. 32338-MEP, which, in its preamble, expressly mentions that Costa Rica is a signatory to the Durban Declaration and Plan of Action and, therefore, has committed to promote the teaching of African-Costa Rican culture in schools. 
In 2006, the Supreme Electoral Court set up a programme entitled “Equality in the exercise of the right to vote”, to foster Indigenous participation in elections. One of the main components of the programme was a study in which various representatives of Indigenous communities took part, to identify the major problems standing in the way of Indigenous participation in elections, their causes and possible solutions.
Cuba
A Constitution Reform took place in 2002. The Reform did not modify articles which recognized the principle of equality. In its article 41, the Constitution establishes a principle of equality: “all citizens have equal rights and are subject to equal duties.” In its article 42, the document establishes that “discrimination because of race, skin color, sex, national origin, religious beliefs and any other form of discrimination harmful to human dignity is forbidden and will be punished by law. The institutions of the state educate everyone from the earliest possible age in the principle of equality among human beings.” 
Ecuador
After Durban, a few meetings took place in Ecuador, in order to overcome discrimination and promote racial equality. In September 14-16, 2004, the Third Permanent Forum of the Andes against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, Intolerance was organized in Atacames. The participants asked the Foreign Relations Ministry of the Andes to create a Permanent Group of Afro-Descendants aimed at discussing the Integrated Plan of Social Development of the Community of the Andes. In June 15, 2006, the Preparatory Sub-Regional Meeting on the Promotion of Racial Equality Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean took place.
Guatemala
A Presidential Commission on Discrimination and Racism against Indigenous Peoples (CODISRA) was established in October 2002 (Acuerdo Gubernativo n. 390-2002) to: “advise and support the different State institutions and departments and private-sector enterprises in drawing up policies and setting up mechanisms to combat racial discrimination; formulate public policies guaranteeing non-discrimination; act as a link between Indigenous peoples’ organizations and the Government in matters of racial discrimination; keep a record of the cases of racial discrimination brought to its attention and forward them to the relevant institutions; launch campaigns against racial discrimination;” send a semester report on Indigenous rights to the President; and foster national and international cooperation in the implementation of its activities. The Presidential Commission involves representatives of the Mayan, Xinca and Garifuna people. In May 2005, the Presidential Commission established a work plan for itself: the “strategic plan against racism”, covering the period between 2005 and 2025 and aiming at raising awareness and reforming discriminatory legislation. The Commission is criticized for having a weak implementation and for lacking financial resources.
Honduras
Honduras established organs and drafted plans to eliminate racial discrimination. In 2004, the Executive Order n. 002-2004 established the National Commission against Racial Discrimination, Racism, Xenophobia, and Similar Forms of Intolerance. The Commission is aimed at giving support to governmental institutions in the formulation of public and private anti-discriminatory policies, linking Indigenous and Afro-Honduran people to governmental institutions, and implementing effective measures to eliminate racial discrimination.
Nicaragua
In the 2005 report of the Public Attorney’s Office for Human Rights,  the elaboration of a plan to fight racism is mentioned. However, in the 2006 report, no observation is made on such a plan.
The Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, held in Durban in 2001, influenced the establishment of the National Commission against Racism and Xenophobia and all related Forms of Intolerance. However, this Commission needs to be empowered to become effective in the promotion of ethnical and racial equality and in the eradication of racism and discrimination.
Panama
The National Commission against Discrimination was established in 2002 in Panama to examine the application of the International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination in Panama and submit proposals to the Federal Administration for the incorporation of the principle of non-discrimination in the State’s agenda. A Special Committee was set up in 2005 to design government policies for the full inclusion of the Panamanian ethnic groups. Furthermore, the National Black Ethnicity Council was formed in 2007 to act as an advisory board for the development of mechanisms that promote the recognition and equal integration of Black individuals. The Public Attorney’s Office does not have a programme specially designed for Indigenous or African-Descendant people. However, it supports parts of programmes developed by some Ministries.
Brazil
The Conference held in Durban in 2001 turned out to be a catalyst in the field of affirmative action, already discussed during the preparatory activities for the Conference. The Conference influenced the formation of the post-Durban national agenda, which fostered notable progress in the realm of public debates on racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.
In 2002, the National Affirmative Action Programme was introduced in the Federal Public Administration. The Programme envisaged positive measures for women, Afro-Descendants and people with disabilities. Private companies that develop policies in accordance with the Programme receive governmental benefits. Also in 2002, the Diversity in University Programme was launched to provide scholarships and awards to university students who developed inclusion initiatives in their schools, addressing specially the Afro-Descendant and the Indigenous population. The Programme authorized the Ministry of Education to introduce and support similar initiatives. At that time, the universities such as the State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), the State University of Bahia (UNEB), the University of Brasília (UnB) and the Federal University of Parana (UFPR), among others, began adopting quota programmes for Afro-Descendants.
In 2003, the Special Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality Policies (SEPPIR) and the National Council for the Promotion of Racial Equality (CNPIR) were created and the National Policy for the Promotion of Racial Equality was adopted. The SEPPIR is a body that directly assists the Presidency of the Republic in the formulation, planning and coordination of policies and parameters related to the promotion and the protection of the rights of racial and ethnic groups subject to discrimination, stressing the black population. SEPPIR is also in charge of the implementation and coordination of the National Policy for the Promotion of Racial Equality – PNPIR. 
Uruguay
In 2004, Law n. 17817 set up the Honorary Commission against Racism, Xenophobia and all forms of Discrimination. The Commission started its work in March of 2007, aiming to propose nationwide policies and concrete measures to prevent and fight racism, xenophobia and discrimination, including positive discrimination measures. 
The National Women’s Institute of the Ministry for Social Development has a department for Afro-Descendant women. The establishment of this department was one of the efforts to fight poverty and inequity, compounded by a number of factors, such as race/ethnicity, gender, social class, migration, and reclusion. That is, the approach is comprehensive to address the so-called “multiple or aggravated forms of discrimination” that result from a combination of discriminatory factors. 
Venezuela
In 2005, a Presidential Commission was set up to fight all forms of racial discrimination and other forms of discrimination in the Venezuelan education system. One of the goals of this commission is to design a plan aiming to prevent and eradicate any form of racial discrimination, with special focus on Afro-Descendants, Indigenous peoples, migrants, and women.
In 2007, the Ministry for Indigenous Peoples was set up. Other initiatives should also be mentioned: the establishment of the National Office for Indigenous Health, under the Ministry of Health and Social Development, and of the National Office for Indigenous Education, under the Ministry of Education and Sports.
Chile
In 2004, the first national research on disability was carried out in Chile by the National Fund on Disability and the National Institute of Statistics. There is also currently a draft bill on disability before the Chilean Congress and there is a new policy that recognises the multicultural diversity in the country. This policy is 
the most important political instrument based on the Durban Conference. There is also a new programme entitled “origins” concerning the regularization of lands, scholarship, health and cultural programs. In addition to this, a pilot project related to the health of the transgender population has been launched. There are also efforts being made by the Chile Solidarity Programme to reduce poverty in the country. 
Asia
Nepal
The National Dalit Commission was established in 2002 and is currently engaged in formulating recommendations for changes in the existing legal provisions and policies concerning the rights of Dalits, investigating and monitoring cases of caste discrimination, and recommending strategies for effective implementation of the Convention at the national level.

The National Foundation for the Development of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN) was created in 2002 by law and entrusted with various functions relating to the social, economic and cultural development and mainstreaming of the 59 groups of indigenous nationalities identified by government, with their equal and active participation in the mainstream of national development. A structural study will be carried out in order to develop feasible units in accordance with the concept of inclusive democracy encompassed in the working plan recently released by the Ministry of Local Development for effective service delivery at the local level which will directly benefit the indigenous nationalities.
The Government had announced in August 2003 a new policy aimed at, among others, eliminating all forms of discrimination and exploitation, achieving a more balanced representation of ethnic groups and women in decision-making bodies, and revamping the Local Bodies to grant them additional authority. 
Fiji
Fiji enacted the Social Justice Act on 21 December 2001 providing the legal framework for the implementation of the Affirmative Action Programmes of the Government as required under section 44 of the Constitution.  The Constitution also includes a Social Justice Chapter (sect. 44) that called for the elaboration of programmes designed to achieve, for all groups or categories of persons who are disadvantaged, effective equality with regards to access to education and training, land and housing, and participation in commerce and all levels and branches of State public services. 
The Government's commitment to promote equal rights and prevent discrimination has been further reinforced with the appointment of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Human Rights and Equal Opportunities in September 2004. This was a landmark consensus-based decision between the two major political parties aligned with the Government and the opposition. The Committee is specifically tasked to review the concerns and recommendations of the CERD, including the reservations relating to the Fiji Government under the Articles of the ICERD and for the two parties to collectively identify crucial issues that needed to be addressed for the peaceful coexistence of all ethnic groups in Fiji, among other things.
Europe 
Armenia
With a decision of the Prime Minister in October 2002, an inter-departmental commission was established on fighting trafficking in persons, with representatives of different Ministries and other state bodies and civil society. In December 2007, the Government adopted the second national programme on fighting trafficking in persons 2007-2009.

Belarus

The Presidential Decree of 9 March 2005 No.3 on measures for prevention of trafficking in persons envisages concrete measures, in particular protection of women and children. During the period of 2002-2007 a number of measures in this area were implemented in accordance with the State programme against trafficking in persons and prostitution adopted in 2001. In December 2007, a State programme for combating trafficking in persons, illegal immigration and related illegal acts for 2008-2010 was adopted. 
Belgium

The Centre for Equality of Opportunity and Combat against Racism was charged with the responsibility of elaborating a plan of action following the 2001 Conference and assessing what has been implemented by Belgium and what still remains to be done. This analysis has shown that the Durban outcome remains a pertinent and relevant basis for the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. Belgium adopted a Plan of Action in 2004 on racism, anti-semitism and xenophobia, a 10-point plan that focuses on the applicability of anti-discrimination legislation, follow-up of complaints, internet as medium of racist and anti-semitic ideology, distribution of racist materials, fight against bigotry (creation of “democracy platforms”), evaluation of media work, police services, state security, measures of public protection and the creation of tolerance barometers. Belgium also received the members of the Working Group on People of African Descent in 2005 and published a booklet  entitled “I act against racism”.
Bulgaria
The Commission for Protection against Discrimination was established in April 2005 with the main objective “to prevent discrimination, to protect against discrimination and to ensure equal opportunities.” The body imposes sanctions and issues mandatory prescriptions for changes wherever acts of discrimination have been committed. In 2006, the National Council on Ethnic and Demographic Issues, established in 1997, was reorganized into National Council for Cooperation on Ethnic and Demographic Issues, with an increased number of participating ministries.
Georgia
On 19 June 2006, the Prosecutor General of Georgia issued Order No.5 approving the Code of Ethics for the Employees of the Prosecutor’s Office of Georgia prescribing the general obligation for the employees to facilitate the elimination of all forms of discrimination. On 4 March 2003, the President of Georgia signed a decree approving a plan of action to strengthen the protection of rights and freedoms of various population groups of Georgia for the period of 2003-2005. On 26 September 2007, the Government adopted the Action Plan of 2007-2009 on Measures for Implementation of Gender Equality Policy in Georgia. 
Germany
The Federal Government and the Federal Länder have adopted a diversified strategy aimed at combating anti-Semitism. Germany is actively involved in the work of the International Task Force on Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research.With regard to the Sinti and Roma, Germany has been involved, within the framework of the OSCE in developing an action plan for enhancing the situation of the Sinti and Roma. In the area of racially motivated crime, the Federal Government attaches particular importance to preventive work, an approach which led to the establishment in June 2001 of the foundation “German Forum for Crime Prevention” which aims at preventing right-wing extremism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism and violence. 
Ireland
In 2001 the Government launched a three-year anti-racism awareness programme entitled “Know Racism” with the aim of stimulating an awareness of racism and respect for cultural diversity. The programme completed its three year term in December 2004 and has been followed by the National Action Plan Against Racism (NCCRI). The NCCRI was launched in January 2005 and can be seen as the most significant Government of Ireland policy development in the anti-racism area. The publication of the Plan was in fulfillment of the commitment given at the WCAR in Durban 2001. Ireland is one of the leading States in putting a National Action Plan Against Racism in place.
Italy
A Racial Anti-Discrimination Bureau (UNAR) has been established in the Prime Minister’s Office. This Bureau has opened 351 discrimination files and in 218 of these cases objective discrimination has been found to have been suffered by the victim. In 2006, the Office worked on a study to guarantee support to victims of discrimination. Territorial focal points are also involved in the implementation of information and awareness raising campaigns. 
Portugal
The High Commission for Immigration and Intercultural Dialogue (ACIDI) has been very active in the areas of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in Portugal and has established numerous projects and initiatives. In 2004 it created the National Immigrant Support Centres (CNAI) in Lisbon and Oporto cities. ACIDI has also created the Local Immigrants Support Centres (CLAI), a local netwok that provides information for migrants. The Government has implemented a National Plan for the Integration of Migrants. Since 2003 the National Action Plans for Inclusion developed specific measures aimed at immigrants and the Roma population. Resolution of Council of Ministers in 2007 approved a Plan for Immigrant Integration covering areas such as employment, education. In 2007 a new service was set up to report illegal and xenophobic contents found on the internet.
Sweden
A new policy provision in the Instrument of Government, which took effect in 2003 ensures that public institutions combat discrimination, strengthening similar constitutional guarantees. The Prohibition of Discrimination Act of 2003 also addresses the problem and gives Sweden’s four anti-discrimination ombudsmen supervisory authority. The Act Prohibiting Discrimination and Other Degrading Treatment of Children and School Students prohibits discrimination based on ethnic background. There are four anti-discrimination ombudsmen and there are plans to consolidate this legislation to offer better protection. The 2006-2009 national plan of action on human rights addresses discrimination in the enjoyment of economic and social rights, including the right to work, housing, health and education. Anti-discrimination programmes have been elaborated in state-owned companies. The Living History Forum created in 2003 provides education on intolerance. Hate crimes have been pursued and prioritized since 2003 and the police has provided training on the subject. In 2007 the Government introduced a Re-Entry Jobs scheme for newly-arrived immigrants.
Switzerland
Following the Durban Conference, Switzerland created the Service for the Fight Against Racism which is the interlocutor within the federal administration on all questions regarding racism, anti-semitism and xenophobia. The service gives financial aid for training projects and sensitization work through “Projects against racism” which had an amount of 15 million francs between 2001 and 2005 and an annual amount of 1.1 million from 2006, most of this directed to education projects. The Federal Commission Against Racism, created in 1995, also works on sensitization, and its president also holds the position of ombudsman on racism issues. The new law on foreigners puts emphasis on integration.
Austria
In 2004 and 2006, a new legislative framework in the field of non-discrimination was introduced. The Act on the Equal Treatment Commission and the Ombudspersons’ Office for Equal Treatment was passed; the Equal Treatment Act and the Federal Equal Treatment Act were amended. The Act on Equal Treatment for Persons with Disabilities was passed, and the Act on the Employment of Persons with Disabilities was amended. The protection hitherto afforded against gender discrimination is now also applied to discrimination on grounds of ethnic origin, religion and ideology, sexual orientation, disability, and age.
Belarus

The Presidential Decree of 9 March 2005 No.3 on measures for prevention of trafficking in persons envisages concrete measures, in particular protection of women and children. During the period of 2002-2007 a number of measures in this area were implemented in accordance with the State programme against trafficking in persons and prostitution adopted in 2001. In December 2007, a State programme for combating trafficking in persons, illegal immigration and related illegal acts for 2008-2010 was adopted.
In July 2007 an International educational center for preparation, increase of qualifications, and other trainings in the area of migration and trafficking in persons was opened. In 2007, one training of law enforcement officers was organized and four trainings are planned for 2008. 
Belgium
The Centre for Equality of Opportunity and Combat against Racism was charged with the responsibility of elaborating a plan of action following the 2001 Conference and assessing what has been implemented by Belgium and what still remains to be done. This analysis has shown that the Durban outcome remains a pertinent and relevant basis for the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. Belgium adopted a Plan of Action in 2004 on racism, anti-semitism and xenophobia, a 10-point plan that focuses on the applicability of anti-discrimination legislation, follow-up of complaints, internet as medium of racist and anti-semitic ideology, distribution of racist materials, fight against bigotry (creation of “democracy platforms”), evaluation of media work, police services, state security, measures of public protection and the creation of tolerance barometers. Belgium also received the members of the Working Group on People of African Descent in 2005 and published a booklet  entitled “I act against racism”.
Turkey
There have been far-reaching changes in the country’s criminal code to reflect commitment in fighting racism and discrimination. A new governmental body, the Minority Issues Assessment Board, has been in operation since 2004 addressing problems encountered by non-muslim minorities. The Human Rights Presidency of the Office of the Prime Minister organized a number of roundtable meetings and initiated projects which touched on the issue of combating racial discrimination and related subjects. Turkey has taken part in the elaboration of policies aimed at elimination and prevention of contemporary forms of racial discrimination in the Council of Europe. Human Rights Boards conduct information activities such as preparing training sessions, seminars, TV programmes and printing publications for relevant purposes including the fight against racism and xenophobia. 

Elaboration of national action plans
Denmark
In November 2003, the Danish Government launched its “Action Plan to Promote Equal Treatment and Diversity and Combat Racism” as a direct offshoot of the Durban Conference. According to the Government Platform 2007 “Society of Opportunities”, an update of the action plan is foreseen. 
Liechtenstein
Following the Durban Conference, the Liechtenstein Government established a Working Group tasked with the elaboration of a five year National Action Plan against Racism (following NAP). Between 2003 – 2007 a series of preventive measures and projects have been conducted in cooperation with the public administration, with NGO’s and representatives of different sectors of the society.A more restrictive interpretation or a revision of article 283 Criminal Code with regard to the public display of racist paraphernalia is currently under examination.
Norway
The Norwegian Plan of Action to Combat Racism and Discrimination (2002-2006) has incorporated many recommendations of the Durban Declaration. The needs of ethnic minorities are included in broad general programmes or policies at the various administrative levels, state, regional and local. In 2006 three new institutions started their operations (Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombudsman, Equality and Anti-Discrimination Tribunal, and the Directorate of Integration and Diversity). The Anti-Discrimination Act also came into force in 2006. Other initiatives have been started at the policy level to provide better protection to minority populations. A lead ministry responsible for coordinating policies in the field of anti-discrimination was also created.
The Plan of Action to Combat Racism and Discrimination has 48 measures covering the areas of labour market, education, law and order sectors, internet, local communities, racist expressions and others. The Equality and Anti-Discrimination Act on prohibition against discrimination based on ethnicity, religion, etc applies to all relevant areas of society. The Ombudsman has the task of monitoring the implementation of the provisions contained in the Act. A Commission to propose a comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation was appointed by the Government in 2007 and will submit its recommendations in 2009.
Germany
In 2002 the Federal Government submitted its first “Report on the Current and Envisaged Measures and Activities of the Federal Government against right-wing extremism, xenophobia, anti-Semitism and violence”. On this basis, the Government drew up a National Action Plan that is due to be completed before the end of 2008. The civil society was involved in the development of the action plan. The Federal Government holds the view that the Durban decisions provide a sound basis for future action. 
Americas
Canada: The Canadian government prepared in 2005 an Action Plan against Racism. The Plan is structured in three parts. The first part establishes an action plan. The second part sets out six priority areas: “assist victims and groups vulnerable to racism and related forms of discrimination, develop forward-looking approaches to promote diversity and combat racism, strengthen the role of civil society, strengthen regional and international cooperation, educate children and youth on diversity and anti-racism, counter hate and bias.” Finally, the third part focuses on the Plan’s evaluation and “a five-year investment of $56 million, included in the 2005 Federal Budget, strengthens the government's ability to move ahead on implementation of the anti-racism action plan. [Besides,] it invites all sectors of society - governments, organizations, ethno-racial and ethno-cultural communities, and individuals - to embrace action against racism as a shared task.” 
Argentina: Argentina adopted a National Plan against Discrimination (Decree n. 1086 of 2005) in accordance with the provisions in the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. The plan incorporates three cross-cutting axes: racism, poverty and social exclusion, and the relationship between State and society. It comprises 247 recommendations to fight discrimination, including general measures, legislative reforms, and proposals for different levels of implementation (legislation; public administration; education; law enforcement; media; and health). In November 2006, non-governmental organizations established the Observatory for Discrimination, Xenophobia and Racism. The main goal of the Observatory is to monitor the implementation of international treaties dealing with discrimination. The Observatory will also prepare a unified database for discrimination reports and a statistics database.
Chile: In 2004, the Plan for Equality and Non-discrimination for the period of 2004-2006 was launched to guide and obtain the commitment of public organizations in the development of non-discriminatory practices, standards and initiatives, both with regards to internal relations and external relations with users. This process included awareness-raising campaigns with the participation of civil servants of different organizations.
The Department of Non-Discrimination and Diversity was established as a follow up to the Tolerance and Non-Discrimination Programme (2000). It is within the Division of Social Organizations at the General Secretariat of the Government and it works with governmental organizations, civil society organizations and international bodies to develop and promote initiatives that lead to the progressive eradication of all forms of intolerance. The Department has two lines of action: 1) the Non-discrimination Division, which includes the Plan of Action against Racism and Discrimination, the dissemination of international treaties, non-discriminatory education policies, and best practices in the fight against discrimination, and 2) the Intercultural Division, which includes immigrant culture, tolerance day, and urban Indigenous communities.
The government of Chile has set up a Commission for Historical Truth and New Treatment and invited scholars, indigenous leaders, business people, and government authorities to review the way the history of Indigenous peoples has been presented and perceived in Chile and to design a “new treatment” policy to promote a new relation between the rest of the population and the Indigenous peoples.
Colombia: In 2003 the Government set up an inter-ministerial working group to design a national plan focusing on the implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. It also introduced the Dirección de Etnias del Ministerio del Interior y de Justicia (Decree n. 200 of 2003) to guide the development of government policies for ethnic groups to be executed by different government bodies, including affirmative action policies. Its goals included: (a) to contribute to the advancement of protective laws for Indigenous and African-Colombian communities; (b) to expand participation opportunities for ethnic groups; (c) to recommend specific protective measures for the rights of ethnic groups to be incorporated in the national human rights framework; and (d) to implement a training program on the rights of ethnic groups for civil servants.
Uruguay: A National Plan for Equal Opportunities and Rights was adopted in Uruguay in May of 2007 (Decree n. 184) as a result of a process in which over 3000 women and representatives of several civil society organizations participated. The Plan, which covers the period of 2007-2010, was designed along three cross-cutting strategic lines: (1) focus on rights; (2) gender perspective; and (3) promotion of equal opportunity in civil service.
Asia
Korea
In May 2007, the Government of Korea (ROK) established a National Action Plan for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. On the basis of this Plan the Government has been formulating comprehensive and systematic policies for foreigners who reside in the ROK through enacting the Basic Act on the Treatment of Foreigners in Korea and establishing periodic 5 year “Basic Plans for Policies Regarding Foreigners”.
Challenges encountered in combating racism as viewed by the Special Rapporteur on racism
Efforts to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance are encountering a number of serious major challenges, as manifested by various worrying trends which have been comprehensively analysed by the Special Rapporteur throughout his term of office.
The most serious manifestation of the setback in the campaign against racism is the resurgence of racist and xenophobic violence, in particular its most serious expression - a “shift from words to action” - seen in the growing number of acts of physical violence and murders targeting members of ethnic, cultural or religious communities, which the perpetrators - neoNazi, nationalist or extreme right-wing groups - openly claim to be motivated by racism and xenophobia.
Racist violence is growing in parallel with a worrying new trend which constitutes the most serious threat to democracy and human rights: the political trivialization and democratic legitimization of racism and xenophobia, resulting in particular from the pervasiveness of racist and xenophobic platforms in the political programmes of democratic parties and the ability of the political parties advocating such platforms to apply them through government alliances which ensure their visibility and access to State apparatus.
The intellectual legitimization of racism, xenophobia and intolerance is another worrying trend in the current growth of racism and xenophobia, as manifested, inter alia, by the increasing number of so-called scientific or literary works which, on the pretext of protecting national identity and security, develop theories characterized by an ethnic or racial interpretation of social, economic and political problems. 
Political and intellectual tolerance of racism and xenophobia can be seen in the exclusively security-based approach to questions relating to the situation of foreign nationals, in particular immigrants, asylum-seekers and national, ethnic, religious or cultural minorities. In many countries, through an ethnic, repressive and dehumanizing interpretation of their situation, immigrants become the prime target for racism and xenophobia. 
The growth of incitement to racial and religious hatred and the resurgence of manifestations of anti-Semitism, Christianophobia and, more particularly, Islamophobia are other particularly worrying trends. They can be attributed to the following: conflation of race, culture and religion; intellectual and ideological questioning of religion; the imbalance between the defence of secularism and respect for freedom of religion; and the supervisory and security-based approach to the practice and teaching of Islam. A particularly worrying element resulting from these developments is the selective and political interpretation of human rights and fundamental freedoms, manifested inter alia by the ideological pre-eminence of freedom of expression over the other freedoms, restrictions and limitations embodied in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
These trends are indicative of a ring-fencing of identity, of an intellectual and political resistance to multiculturalism, which stems from the conflict between the old national identities and the far-reaching process of multiculturalization taking place in all societies. This gives rise to identity crises that are key to the increasingly dominant idea of “integration-assimilation”, which denies the very existence of values and memories specific to national minorities and immigrants, and thus excludes their contribution to the value system, history and national identity of host countries. This idea is in fact part of the old ideology of the hierarchy of cultures, races and civilizations, on which all subjugation of peoples and legitimization of racist culture and attitudes have historically been based, thus creating fertile soil for all old and new forms of racism and xenophobia.
Other challenges and obstacles that have been cited
Africa
African Group contribution of obstacles and challenges impeding progress in the fight against racism and racial discrimination
   The lack of political will to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including recognizing past and present injustices and the need to remedy the situation of the victims. 

   The absence of moral, educational and practical strategies, in addition to legal measures, in fighting racism.  


    Weak legislation and absence of appropriate policies and programs at the national level to tackle racism and racial discrimination. 

    Erosion, in some parts of the world, of the established international legal framework, as well as other international commitments, in the field of combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. 


   Refusal to cooperate or engage with the Durban mechanisms, and the non-implementation of their recommendations or acceptance of follow-up measures. 


   Persisting impunity for acts of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.

   Intellectual and political legitimization of racism.  

-Sources, causes, forms and contemporary manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;
Ongoing forms of racism
CERD comments
In its concluding observations as well as in various general recommendations, the Committee has clarified further the meaning of the grounds of race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin, thus emphasising that the concept of racial discrimination is much broader than perceived by many States that argue that there is no racial discrimination on their territory. 

In order to assist States in understanding the scope of discrimination covered by ICERD, the Committee has adopted three important general recommendations since 2001 on contemporary manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and requests their submission for consideration to the Durban Review Conference: 
General Recommendation 29 on descent-based discrimination;
General Recommendation 30 on discrimination against non-citizens;
General Recommendation 31 on the prevention of racial discrimination in the functioning and administration of the criminal justice system. 

These general recommendations should be read in conjunction with previous general recommendations of CERD which remain of high relevance to contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, in particular:
      (a) General Recommendation 23 on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and;
     (b) General Recommendation 27 on discrimination against Roma. 

Double or multiple discrimination is a continuing source of concern for CERD as it increasingly affects some individuals and groups. In this regard, CERD wishes to recall its General Recommendation 25 on gender-related racial discrimination in which it drew States parties attention to double discrimination on the grounds of gender on the one hand, and race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin on the other hand.  

Contemporary manifestations of racism
Racism within the context of combating terrorism
CERD comments
The Committee also wishes to draw particular attention to the statement adopted during its first session after the 9/11 events (sixtieth session, held in March 2002), “on Racial Discrimination and Measures to Combat Terrorism” in which it emphasized that “measures to combat terrorism … are to be considered legitimate if they respect the fundamental principles and the universally recognized standards of international law, in particular, international human rights law and international humanitarian law.”  It also urged States to ensure that any such measures “do not discriminate in purpose or effect on grounds of race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin” and “insist[ed] that the principle of non-discrimination must be observed in all areas, in particular in matters concerning liberty, security and dignity of the person, equality before tribunals and due process of law, as well as international cooperation in judicial and police matters in these fields.” 

Since the adoption of this statement and when monitoring States’ compliance with article 5, the Committee has systematically paid particular regard to the potentially discriminatory effects of legislation and practices to combat terrorism.   The Committee has requested from States parties that they provide information on the effect which national legislation to combat terrorism has had on the implementation of the Convention, particularly on identity, entry and residence checks of foreigners, the right of asylum and extradition.  The Committee has recommended that States give early consideration to the extension of the crime of incitement to racial hatred to cover offences motivated by religious hatred against immigrant communities.  
Racism and the internet
IGWG comments
Legally enforceable measures should be adopted and implemented at the national level, in conformity with international human rights law, to counter incitement to racial hatred or acts of violence through the media and new information and communication technologies, including the Internet.
There is a need to identify and implement good practices at the national and international levels to strengthen the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the Internet, and to enhance international cooperation between law enforcement agencies and national institutions in these fields.
Human rights education should play a prominent role in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and promoting a culture of peace and dialogue.  Educational policies and programmes should be formulated to promote peace, respect for cultural diversity and universal human rights, nonexclusion and non-discrimination.
States should provide OHCHR with information on their implementation of the provisions of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action relevant to combating racism on the Internet.
On the question of the elaboration of voluntary ethical codes of conduct and selfregulatory measures and policies (Programme of Action, para. 144), States should urge the private sector to proceed in a participatory and transparent manner.
The United Nations web sites, particularly that of OHCHR, should be used as a vehicle for combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including through the follow-up and implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, both at the national and the international level.
The Working Group calls for full implementation of the recommendations contained in the ministerial declaration of the highlevel segment of the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session of 2000, “Development and international cooperation in the twenty-first century:  the role of information technology in the context of a knowledge-based global economy”, thus helping to bridge the digital divide and to foster digital opportunities and counter poverty and exclusion, which affects in particular victims of racial discrimination and related intolerance.
Recommendations of High-level panel on racism ands the internet
States should increase awareness about the possibilities offered by new information technologies and continually develop tools to promote, among civil society, in particular parents, teachers and children on the use of the information networks.  In this regard, practical measures include the creation of a model anti-racism network for schools, the inclusion of anti-racism messages on websites accessed by young people, training courses for teachers on how to use the Internet, the sharing of good practices, the promotion of digital inclusion, the ethical use of the Internet and the development of critical thinking skills for children;
States which have not yet done so, that in compliance with article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), they should adopt legislative and other administrative measures to establish as criminal offences the distribution or making available of racist and xenophobic material which incite hatred or violence, to the public through computer systems;
States parties to the Convention to provide information to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in their initial and periodic reports on measures taken to combat racism on the Internet, and through traditional mass media and other information technologies;
CERD should continue to develop early warning indicators, including on hate speech and to detect outbursts of racial violence in order to recommend urgent action;
OHCHR should initiate a campaign for the universal ratification of the Convention and calls upon States parties to consider withdrawing reservations made to its article 4 and consider making the declaration under article 14, providing for the possibility for individuals and groups to submit communications to CERD;
OHCHR should offer technical cooperation to States to combat racism on the Internet and in other media;
OHCHR should identify strategies to support international cooperation and partnership among all stakeholders (including States, international and regional organizations, Internet service providers, concerned private sector, the media and civil society), for a globally coordinated action to develop voluntary codes of conduct, complaint mechanisms and other means to ensure that hate speech is effectively countered.
Racism and internet in Europe
Within the Council of Europe the Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems was opened for signature in Strasbourg, on 28 January 2003 and entered into force on 1st March 2006. The emergence of international communication networks like the Internet provide certain persons with modern and powerful means to support racism and xenophobia and enables them to disseminate easily and widely expressions containing such ideas. In order to investigate and prosecute such persons, international co-operation is vital. The Convention on Cybercrime, was drafted to enable mutual assistance concerning computer related crimes in the broadest sense in a flexible and modern way. The purpose of this Protocol is twofold: firstly, harmonising substantive criminal law in the fight against racism and xenophobia on the Internet and, secondly, improving international co-operation in this area. This kind of harmonisation alleviates the fight against such crimes on the national and on the international level. Corresponding offences in domestic laws may prevent misuse of computer systems for a racist purpose by Parties whose laws in this area are less well defined. As a consequence, the exchange of useful common experiences in the practical handling of cases may be enhanced too. International co-operation (especially extradition and mutual legal assistance) is facilitated, e.g. regarding requirements of double criminality.

This Protocol entails an extension of the Convention’s scope, including its substantive, procedural and international cooperation provisions, so as to cover also offences of racist and xenophobic propaganda. Thus, apart from harmonising the substantive law elements of such behaviour, the Protocol aims at improving the ability of the Parties to make use of the means and avenues of international cooperation set out in the Convention in this area.
Also in this case only 11 States have ratified the Protocol, five of these are also member of the European union. They are: Cyprus, Denmark, France, Latvia, Lithuania.

Globalization and racism

IGWG comments

Following dialogue with international experts in the field of racism, globalization, culture, development, labour and migration, the Working Group concludes that there is a negative intersectionality between globalization and racism, although it acknowledges that globalization can also contribute to the fight against racism.  Similar interlinkages have previously been established by the Working Group on issues such as poverty, health and education.  It is imperative that a broad strategy be developed which would allow the Commission on Human Rights/Human Rights Council, through the Working Group to engage in meaningful partnerships with key players in this field; i.e. the World Trade Organization, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Organization for Migration, with a view to preventing, mitigating and reversing the negative effects of globalization, that could aggravate poverty, social exclusion, cultural homogenization and economic disparities which may occur along racial lines.  The core principles of non-discrimination, participation, equity, transparency and accountability must be mainstreamed through partnerships spearheaded by the Commission on Human Rights/Human Rights Council into the policies and operational activities of the above-mentioned institutions;
Contemporary forms of racism observed by Special Rapporteur on racism
Political programmes which incite or encourage racial discrimination 
Reports analysing the main political platforms which incite or encourage racial discrimination, confirm the existence of the following worrying trends: the trivialization of racism, racial discrimination and xenophobia through their use as political tools; the significant influence exerted by racist policies of extreme right-wing parties and movements on democratic parties’ programmes, especially in connection with issues relating to immigration, asylum, aliens and terrorism, seen not only as a security challenge but mainly as a threat to national identity; and lastly, the growing intellectual legitimization of these policies as reflected in the increasing number of ostensibly scientific or literary publications which, on the pretext of defending national identity or security, develop explanatory concepts and theories characterized by the ethnic or racial interpretation of social, economic and political problems.
The growing “democratic legitimization” of these political platforms is inextricably linked to the resurgence of acts inciting racial hatred, despite the existence in most countries’ legislation of provisions prohibiting such acts. More and more frequently, these platforms, which explicitly propagate hatred by calling for exclusion and hostility, depict restrictions on incitement to racial hatred and discrimination as infringements of the freedom of opinion and speech.
The significant influence exerted by these platforms on democratic parties’ political programmes is primarily accounted for by the absence of any expression of a strong political will to combat them. 
Incitement to racial, ethnic or religious hatred
In recent years, the Special Rapporteur has noted an unprecedented rise in the number of acts of incitement to racial, ethnic or religious hatred. These acts constitute a substantial obstacle to the promotion and protection of human rights. On all continents, vulnerable communities, especially minorities, have been the victims of public utterances, both oral and written, calling for intolerance and discrimination and, in some cases, resulting in physical and psychological violence. Although international human rights instruments clearly and absolutely prohibit such acts, several member States have not yet drafted legislation or set up institutions to combat them. 
The Special Rapporteur considers that this increase in incitement to racial, ethnic or religious hatred is directly linked to three basic factors. The trivialization of racism and xenophobia, particularly through its use as a political tool and its significant influence on democratic parties’ platforms, has created a deeply detrimental context, characterized by intolerance, indifference, connivance and even acceptance of racism, which has in turn created ethical, psychological and political conditions that have directly contributed to the increase in incitement to racial and religious hatred. Furthermore, the ideological context is characterized by the emergence of rhetoric based on the notion of a conflict of civilizations and religions, as reflected in the discourse of certain political, intellectual and media elites. In legal terms, the impact of these trends has encouraged the emergence of a hierarchical, antagonistic and nondialectic interpretation of fundamental freedoms and the non-recognition of the complementarity, balances and limitations meticulously established by the relevant international instruments, in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
Religious intolerance
The Special Rapporteur has highlighted one of the central causes of the resurgence of racism and its increasing complexity: the conflation of racial, cultural and religious factors. He has consequently paid special attention to the increase in anti-Semitism, Islamophobia and Christianophobia, and hostility to other spiritual and religious traditions. 
Anti-Semitism - the oldest historical form of religious discrimination and defamation - not only remains deeply pervasive in its traditional haunts, notably in what has become the new Europe, but is spreading insidiously to other regions of the world both through declarations by politicians and through publications that perpetuate old stereotypes. The denial or questioning of the extermination of Jews in Europe, or the Holocaust, during the Second World War is the latest manifestation of this deep-seated anti-Semitism. In the course of his visits and investigations, the Special Rapporteur came across serious, silent but deep-seated anti-Semitism, the expression of which is veiled and repressed by image or power-related considerations and strategies.
Rejection of multiculturalism
The ideological, cultural and political resistance to ethnic, cultural or religious multiculturalism is one of the underlying reasons for the upsurge in racism and xenophobia. The intellectual and cultural strategy to combat racism must focus on the acceptance and promotion of a democratic, egalitarian and interactive multiculturalism. Multicultural societies are the result of long-term historical processes that have brought peoples, cultures and religions into contact with each other. The organizational machinery of these societies has, in general, been based on an identifying, rallying and unifying factor: national identity. The correlation between the concepts of identity and nation is embodied in a political and legal concept - the nation State  which has structured most modern societies. The main problem in most modern societies lies in the profound contradiction between the nation State - the expression of an exclusive national identity - and the dynamic of multiculturalization at work in these societies.
Discrimination against refugees, immigrants and asylum-seekers
One of the most common manifestations of the rejection of diversity as a basis for racism and discrimination is found in the treatment of issues relating to refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants. These groups constantly find themselves in a situation of extreme vulnerability, which has worsened since the events of 11 September 2001. As a result of the overriding focus on combating terrorism, the treatment of immigrants, refugees and asylum-seekers is characterized by suspicion that they may be dangerous, mistrust, and cultural and religious hostility. Such sentiments have resulted in the widespread adoption of policies that tend to restrict the economic and social rights of people in these categories and highlight the decline in respect for human rights resulting from the political primacy of security over the law.
The treatment meted out in many countries to asylum-seekers, refugees and immigrants in waiting areas, particularly airports, ports and stations, continues to be a recurrent source of concern. In this context, human rights organizations condemn the transformation of these waiting areas into “no-rights zones” characterized by a lack of access - or difficult access - to redress and defence, by physical and verbal violence of a racist nature on the part of law enforcement officers, by the absence or lack of minimum conditions of hygiene, and by the absence or inadequacy of measures to protect women and children. The growing number and seriousness of violent incidents caused by such conditions, and also the conditions in which persons in such places are expelled or returned, justify the need to pay special attention to this resurgent form of discrimination and racism.
Discrimination on the grounds of caste
According to highly credible estimations and studies, 250 million people around the world, particularly in Asia and Africa, are victims of discrimination on the grounds of caste or analogous systems of inherited status, and are constantly vulnerable to exclusion, marginalization and violence. The discrimination they suffer, which affects their civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights, takes the form of, inter alia: inability or restricted ability to alter inherited status; socially enforced restrictions on marriage outside the community; private and public segregation, including in housing and education, and access to public spaces, places of worship and public sources of food and water; limitation of freedom to renounce inherited or degrading occupations or hazardous work; subjection to debt bondage; subjection to dehumanizing utterances referring to pollution or untouchability; or generalized lack of respect for their human dignity and equality. 
Other contemporary forms of racism as reported by different countries
Finland
Manifestations of anti-Semitism have included threats, signs and graffiti. The persons responsible have been or are being prosecuted under the provisions against ethnic agitation. 
The members of the Roma communities face discrimination in different areas, including education, employment, housing and access to services. At the initiative of the Ombudsman for Minorities, the employment authorities started in 2002 a project to make their services more effective with regard to the situation of Roma people. EU funded projects on employment have been also implemented. 
The members of Somali Communities are also vulnerable to racism and racial discrimination. The Ombudsman for Minorities has promoted the creation of a co-coordinating body that brings together representatives of different Muslim organizations and groups. An Islamic Council was established in November 2006. 
The members of Russian-speaking communities face intolerance. An ad hoc working group of the Advisory Board for Ethnic Relation has prepared a report on the situation of this group. In December 2007, a seminar was organized on xenophobia against Russian-speakers. 
Iran
There is an increase in racist violence and xenophobia in many parts of the world as well as of defamation of religion, the rejection of diversity and Islamophobia or incitement against Islam. Comment is made on the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, which constitutes a violation of a wide range of civil and political rights.
Sweden
Hate crimes including Islamophobia, anti-semitism and xenophobia continue to be identified in police reports. Since 2001 the number of complaints submitted to the Ombudsman Against Ethnic Discrimination has increased from 400 to 800, but this could also be due to the increase in public awareness.
Armenia
Armenia actively fights contemporary forms of slavery, such as forced labor, including sexual exploitation. The fight against trafficking in persons is a priority for the Government. With a decision of the Prime Minister in October 2002, an inter-departmental commission was established on fighting trafficking in persons, with representatives of different Ministries and other state bodies and civil society. In December 2007, the Government adopted the second national programme on fighting trafficking in persons 2007-2009. 
Norway
Subtle forms of discrimination, especially in the labour and housing markets, have been reported to continue to exist in the Norwegian society. The anti-discrimination Ombudsman receives most complaints of discrimination based on ethnicity in employment. Unemployment among the immigrants is considerably higher than in the population in general. Vulnerable groups such as vocationally disabled, youth and long-term unemployed are therefore considered target groups in market policy, and are given priority when it comes to labour market measures. It has been observed that immigrants from certain places (eg Iran, Somalia) experience most discrimination while men experience more discrimination than women. The Ombudsman has proposed new measures to tackle the problem that the Government is now considering to combat discrimination exercised by public sector authorities.
From stakeholders
UNHCR’s view regarding contemporary manifestations of racism

Racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance continue to be amongst the root causes of persecution leading to displacement, as well as to statelessness. In addition, several of the key contemporary challenges hampering UNHCR’s ability to effectively carry out its mandate are direct or indirect manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against persons of concern. Some of these are outlined below. 

Asylum-seekers are finding it increasingly difficult to access territories and asylum procedures due to tightened border security measures and restrictions on the issuance of visas for certain nationalities based on discriminatory grounds. Persons wishing to seek refugee protection are therefore often compelled to employ the services of human smugglers, and may also, during the journey, be put in situations where they are at heightened risk of becoming trafficked. 

UNHCR has observed a diminishing of the ‘asylum space’, inter alia through an increased use of the exclusion clauses included in Article 1F of the 1951 Convention, a broadened interpretation of these clauses, as well as an increased application of the exception to the principle of non-refoulement in Article 33(2) of the 1951 Convention. UNHCR has witnessed some States taking a more restrictive interpretation of the refugee definition in the 1951 Convention, and introducing limitations on the duration of residence permits granted to refugees while adopting a more proactive use of the cessation clauses in the 1951 Convention. These measures are also contributing to a diminishing of the asylum space. 

Refugees are moreover finding it difficult to integrate locally in their first countries of asylum, both because of time-limited residence permits which do not entitle their holders to enjoy all of the civil, economic and social rights needed to attain economic and social integration, and because the limited duration of the residence permits granted maintains refugees in a legal limbo without the ability to integrate as fully included members of society. 

In the context of resettlement as one of the durable solutions for refugees, UNHCR is finding it increasingly difficult to identify resettlement countries for refugees coming from some countries or certain regions of the world due to a perception that they could pose a threat to national security. Some resettlement countries are also putting an increased focus on ‘integration potential’, where refugees of certain nationalities are viewed as being more difficult to integrate, or rather, assimilate. 

Since 9/11 and the launch of the ‘global war on terror’, asylum-seekers and refugees have increasingly been labeled by States, the media, and the public in general as terrorists on account of their political, ethnic or religious affiliations or ties. This, in turn, has led to the perception by some States that the institution of asylum may provide a safe haven for terrorists. As explained in paragraph 6 above, this has, in some countries of asylum, resulted in an extensive use of the exclusion clauses and the exception to the principle of non-refoulement. The ‘global war on terror’ is also one of the factors which have led to tightened border security measures and restrictions on the issuance of visas in an attempt by States to protect their borders and territories. These measures have made it increasingly difficult for asylum-seekers to access territories in order to seek protection. UNHCR welcomes the attention given by the Special Rapporteurs on racism and on the promotion and protection of human rights, while countering terrorism to these concerns, and hopes that the impact of the ‘global war on terror’ on asylum-seekers and refugees, who are often themselves the victims of terror, will be raised in the context of the Durban Review process. 

UNHCR has witnessed how politicians have instrumentalized peoples’ feeling of insecurity, especially following 9/11, and fears towards the ‘unknown foreigner’, and played on the concept of national identities by, inter alia, promoting assimilation rather than integration in a multi-cultural society. This political instrumentalization of racism and xenophobia is, for example, being played out in pre-election campaigns where some political candidates portray asylum-seekers and refugees as criminals who contribute to a deterioration of social values and threaten the national security, and therefore promise to tighten borders and decrease the asylum space. 

The media has also played on these fears by depicting asylum-seekers and refugees as a category of persons with many negative traits. UNHCR regrets that this trend, which was referred to in paragraph 89 of the Durban Declaration, seems to have increased rather than decreased since 2001. 

UNHCR is also very concerned about violent attacks against foreigners, including asylum-seekers and refugees in some countries of asylum. While the Office has not conducted an analysis to assess whether the number of such violent attacks against persons of concern has increased, decreased or remained the same since 2001, it is still a problem of great concern. 

-Victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;
Victims identified by Study of Experts under IGWG
Refugees, asylum seekers, migrants: There is an intrinsic connection between racism and the situation of refugees, asylum seekers, migrants.  Racism, sometimes accompanied with violence, continues to be responsible for the flight of hundreds of thousands of people from their countries. Subsequently, such people very often become targets of racism, and violence in the host countries where they have been forced to seek sanctuary. There is a lot of documented evidence proving this phenomenon.
Minorities: Persons belonging to minorities amount to 30% of the world population. The overall vulnerability of minorities is significantly enhanced in the context of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. The dramatic record of recent genocides and crimes against humanity provides evidence of the terrible potential of large scale violations of minorities’ rights. Equally convincing is the observation that protection of minorities is presently one of the most effective ways to prevent conflicts or ensure sustainable peace. In other words, protection of minorities is not only a basic guarantee for the rights holders but also one of the fundamental tools to resolve social problems.
Descent-based discrimination: Descent-based discrimination has historically been a feature of societies in different regions of the world and is manifested in various forms of injustice. It is estimated that 260 million people worldwide are affected by such discrimination. Its persistence and the urgent need to remedy its consequences have resulted in Governments of many countries recognizing the complexity of this problem and adopting legislation and policies to confront it.  
IDPs: Internal displacement is a worldwide phenomenon causing suffering for at least 22 million people who have been forced to flee or leave their homes within their own countries. IDPs relocated in an unfamiliar environment are particularly vulnerable to racism, racial discrimination and xenophobia that serve to additionally deteriorate their situation. 
Stateless persons: Under the absence of protection by the State of citizenship, the situation of stateless persons is particularly fragile in many aspects. If racial prejudices and xenophobic attitudes are widespread in a given society, one can assume with great probability that they will affect primarily this group of people. Strengthening the protection of stateless persons is, therefore, an important aspect of the struggle against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. 

Discrimination based on religious belief: International concern raised by recent increase in violence and discrimination based on religion or belief in many countries is justified. It is also a contemporary phenomenon that discrimination on various grounds such as race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin is frequently aggravated by the closely related ground of religion or belief. The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action notes with particular concern “the existence in various parts of the world of religious intolerance against religious communities and their members, in particular limitation of their right to practice their beliefs freely, as well as the emergence of increased negative stereotyping, hostile acts and violence against such communities because of their religious beliefs and their ethnic or so-called racial origin.

Indigenous peoples: The situation of indigenous peoples in various parts of the world is characterized by a high degree of vulnerability against discrimination on the grounds of race or ethnic origin.
People under foreign occupation: The protection of the civilian population under foreign occupation has been on the agenda of the international community for a long time. The history of armed conflicts shows that the particular vulnerability of this group is dramatically enhanced if it is connected to racial or ethnic distinction from the occupying power. The Durban Declaration expresses concern about the plight of the Palestinian people under foreign occupation.
Victims of multiple discrimination: It is widely recognized that groups most exposed to racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance frequently suffer multiple discrimination. The  experts understand the language “multiple or aggravated forms of discrimination” within the meaning of paragraph 2 of the Durban Declaration which recognizes “that racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance occur on the grounds of race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin and that victims can suffer multiple or aggravated forms of discrimination based on other related grounds such as sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, social origin, property, birth or other status.” Also in the Durban Programme of Action numerous references are made to multiple or aggravated forms of discrimination.
Other identified victims
The Roma and Sinti people in Europe
Within the OSCE there was Decision No. 566, of 27 November 2003, adopted on the Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti Within the OSCE Area. The Action Plan is intended to reinforce the efforts of the participating States and relevant OSCE institutions and structures aimed at ensuring that Roma and Sinti people are
able to play a full and equal part in our societies, and at eradicating discrimination against them.  
The most relevant international activity towards the improvement of Roma situation is that set up by nine Governments in Central and Southeastern Europe which agreed on a Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005–2015 to improve the socio-economic status and social inclusion of Roma within a regional framework. The Decade focuses on the priority areas of education, employment, health, and housing, and commits governments to take into account the other core issues of poverty, discrimination, and gender mainstreaming. Prime Ministers signed in Budapest in 2003 the Declaration of the Decade of Roma Inclusion in Sofia, Bulgaria, on February 2, 2005. 
Other victims
Views of European Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA)
The EUMC/FRA approach is to collect data and plan activities in thematic areas related to EU policy development on non-discrimination and equality, integration, violent crime and social inclusion, in particular employment, education, housing, racist violence and media discourse. Should members of particular groups or communities appear to be disproportionately affected in the thematic area, the Agency has followed this up by examining specifically the situation of those groups or communities, for example the situation of the Roma in the fields of employment, education and housing, Jewish communities in the areas of racist crime and violence and media discourse and Muslims communities in the areas of racist crime and violence, media discourse, education, employment, housing and integration.  
A selection of reports which identify concrete measures and initiatives aimed at specific groups include the following:
- Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination and Islamophobia (December 2006)
– HYPERLINK http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=3fb38ad3e22bb&contentid=4582d9f4345ad http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=3fb38ad3e22bb&contentid=4582d9f4345ad 
- Community Cohesion at local level: addressing the needs of Muslim communities  
– HYPERLINK http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=3fb38ad3e22bb&contentid=47c835b451255 http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=3fb38ad3e22bb&contentid=47c835b451255
- Anti-Semitism Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2001-2005 (updated version January 2008)   
http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=449677441f3f3 http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=449677441f3f3 
- Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002 – 2003 (March 2004)
– HYPERLINK http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=3fb38ad3e22bb&contentid=4146a7b291fff http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=3fb38ad3e22bb&contentid=4146a7b291fff

- Roma and Travellers in Public Education (May 2006)
– HYPERLINK http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=43d8bc25bc89d&contentid=448ee6612aa4c http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=43d8bc25bc89d&contentid=448ee6612aa4c 
- Roma Women and access to public health care (2003):
– HYPERLINK http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=3fb38ad3e22bb&contentid=403231a31521f http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php?fuseaction=content.dsp_cat_content&catid=3fb38ad3e22bb&contentid=403231a31521f
Victims in Latin America
Indigenous peoples
As to the rights indigenous peoples, the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights includes emblematic decisions promoting their defense. The case of the indigenous community Mayagna Awas Tingni stands out: the Inter-American Court recognized that indigenous peoples enjoy the right to collective ownership of land as part of their community tradition and that this inalienable right is fundamental to their culture, spirituality, integrity and economic survival. The Court also understood that to indigenous peoples the relation with land is not only a matter of ownership and production as land is also seen as a material and spiritual element that they need to be able to fully enjoy, even to be able to protect and hand down their cultural legacy to future generations. The Court’s decision on the case of the indigenous community Saramaka against Suriname followed along the same lines, emphasizing that indigenous peoples are entitled to cultural identity and to respect for their social, cultural and economic diversity and that it is a duty of the State to adopt special measures to protect their rights and promote their right to collective land ownership, as an ancestral community tradition. In another case — indigenous community Yakye Axa against Paraguay — the Court decided that indigenous peoples have the right to specific measures that ensure their access to healthcare, which should take into account their own cultural perspective, including preventive care, healing practices and traditional medicines. It added that health represents a collective dimension to indigenous peoples and that a rupture in their symbiotic relation with their land exerts a harmful effect on the health of these peoples .
Migrants
Regarding migrants, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an Advisory Opinion (18/03) on the juridical condition and rights of undocumented migrants. The Court emphasized the obligation of the American States to:  a) respect and ensure human rights and the principles of equality and non-discrimination; b) apply the principle of equality to migrants; c) ensure the rights of undocumented migrant workers; and d) design migratory policies in the light of the international instruments for the protection of human rights. It should be noted that in 2002 there were 5.9 million migrants in Latin America, most of them coming from the region itself (58.7%). According to ECLAC, 20 million Latin-Americans live in countries other than their native ones.
Other minority groups
It should be noted that over 4 million gypsies live in the Americas: 8 thousand in Colombia, 300 thousand in Argentina, 800 thousand to 1 million in Brazil, 15 to 20 thousand in Chile, 5 thousand in Ecuador and 1 million in the USA. Gypsies are faced with the challenge of having their cultural identity recognized in a discriminatory environment that precludes the full enjoyment of their rights.
-Measures of prevention, education and protection aimed at the eradication of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance at all levels;
Measures of prevention
Non-legal measures
Ireland
The NCCRI is the key policy tool used to combat racism in Ireland. It encompasses five key themes: Protection, Inclusion, Provision, Recognition and Participation. A strategic monitoring group, involving state representatives and civil society, oversees the implementation of the Plan. The Plan is used primarily to make strategic interventions, to pursue specific research or consultancy projects and to undertake public awareness campaigns and grant schemes. The response by Ireland also mentions a range of other policy and legislative measures to address racism.
Algeria
Measures taken to end racism and discrimination include: (a) the ratification of international treaties and regional mechanisms; Algeria has ratified all the conventions mentioned in Article 77 of the DDPA and most of the conventions mentioned in Article 78 related to discrimination; for example in 2006 Algeria ratified the Convention on Migrant Workers and also ratified the Arab Charter (b) combating human trafficking (c) protection of refugees; here it should be noted that  Algeria accepts refugees from different parts of the world and has done this in collaboration with UNHCR; labour laws provide protection to workers regardless of their nationality and deal with foreigners on equal basis when it comes to wages and provision of legal status (d) combating extreme poverty through development of programmes aimed at supporting the poor and the vulnerable and through “solidarity grants” (e) national institutions: the National Advisory Commission for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights, established by decree in 2001 and amended in 2002 gives the Commission jurisdiction to conduct studies of all the human rights violations and take appropriate action including mediation between citizens and different governmental bodies working on the issues, outreach programmes and sensitization on human rights.
Legal measures at the regional levels
Europe
Work by European Union
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, proclaimed at the Nice European Council on 7 December 2000, prohibits in its Article 21 any discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age, sexual orientation or nationality.
Article 13 of the EC Treaty enables the EU Council of Ministers to take action to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation within the limits of the powers conferred to it by the Treaty.
On the basis of this article, the EU has adopted two anti-discrimination directives:
Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin sets out a binding framework by prohibiting racial discrimination throughout the EU in the areas of employment, education, social protection (including social security and health care), social advantages and access to goods and services (including housing). The Directive bans direct and indirect discrimination. All EU Member States have now transposed this Directive into national legislation. The European Commission ensures correct implementation of this instrument, and has issued a report on the implementation of this so-called Racial Equality Directive. 
Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000) establishes a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation. This Directive covers direct and indirect discrimination, as well as harassment, in employment and training on the grounds of religion or belief, age, disability and sexual orientation.  It includes specific requirements on reasonable accommodation for disabled persons. The European Commission ensures correct implementation of this instrument, and is undertaking an impact assessment on the possible enlargement of the scope of this so-called Employment Equality Directive.
The EU has also adopted legislation banning the diffusion of hate speech through TV channels (See “Television without Frontiers” Directive under point 13).
As regards criminal law, following a Commission's proposal, in April 2007 the Justice and Home Affairs Council reached political agreement on a Framework Decision on Combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law.  The proposal for this Framework Decision was presented by the Commission in November 2001 as a follow-up to the Joint Action concerning action to combat racism and xenophobia, adopted on 15 July 1996. 
Work done by OSCE 
In the most recent Decision No. 13/06 on Combating Intolerance and Discrimination and Promoting Mutual Respect and Understanding (5 December 2006), the Ministerial Council has called “upon participating States to address the root causes of intolerance and discrimination by encouraging the development of comprehensive domestic education policies and strategies as well as through increased awareness-raising measures that: promote a greater understanding or and respect for different cultures, ethnicities, religions or beliefs; aim to prevent intolerance and discrimination including religious groups; promote remembrance and education about the Holocaust as well as other genocides recognised as such in accordance with the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide an crimes against humanity. The Ministerial council has also decided to promote capacity-building of law enforcement authorities through training and development of guidelines and to stress on the crucial role that political parties and media can play. Additionally it has encouraged its executive structures to incorporate the fight against discrimination into their daily activities. With the previous decisions, the Council had committed OSCE to intensify its efforts towards tolerance and non-discrimination, also asking member States to ratify international relevant instruments and to take measures in conformity with constitutional systems at national, regional and local levels to promote tolerance and non-discrimination and fighting anti-Semitism, discrimination against religious groups, racist violence and hate speech.
Finally on 8 June 2007 States agreed the Bucharest Declaration condemning all forms of discrimination and intolerance as stated in the previous declarations and decisions and calling, inter alia, on States, which bear the primary responsibility for addressing acts of intolerance and discrimination,  to enact and implement legislation and law enforcement as essential tools to combat hate crimes and violence; to encourage the developments of methods and curricula for tolerance education, including education on the Holocaust and anti-Semitism.

Americas

Mexico: In 2003, a Federal Act to Prevent and Eliminate Discrimination was enacted to regulate article 1, paragraph 3 of the Mexican Constitution. In this Act, discrimination is understood to cover any form of discrimination based on ethnical or national origin, gender, age, disabilities, social or economic condition, pregnancy, language, religion, opinions, or sexual preferences. It also covers any form of xenophobia or anti-Semitism (article 4). 
Moreover, the 2003 Act endorsed the creation of the National Council to Prevent Discrimination, aimed at promoting anti-discriminatory and affirmative measures (article 20). Among other objectives, the Council must propose and evaluate the execution of a national plan to prevent and eliminate discrimination, analyze and revise current legal documents, disseminate non-discriminatory information, and present claims.
Nicaragua: Some legislative advancements have been made in Nicaragua since 2001, including Decree n. 3584, approved on July 9, 2003, which regulates Law n. 28 of 1987 (Statute of Autonomy of Nicaragua’s Atlantic Coast Regions); Law n. 445 of 2003 (Law of Communal Land Demarcation of the Indigenous Peoples and Ethnical Communities of the Autonomous Regions of the Atlantic Coast and of the Rivers Bocay, Coco, Indio and Maíz) , which expands the autonomy of the Caribbean coast by recognizing local authorities with legal representation and defining the procedures to formalize land tenure; Law n. 423 (the General Health Law), which recognizes the use and the promotion of traditional medicine in the Autonomous Regions; and Law n. 462 (Law for Forest Conservation and for the Promotion of Sustainable Development of Forestry Resources), which incorporates suggestions from Regional Councils regarding forest policies, and also regulates the Statute of Autonomy.
Argentina: The Migration Law (n. 25.871) was adopted in 2004 to regulate Argentinean migration policies, aiming at integrating foreigners and nationals on an equal standing, guaranteeing their core rights (for instance, health and education), and banning all forms of discrimination, racism, and xenophobia. The National Institute for Indigenous Affairs was also established in 2004 with the participation of representatives of Indigenous communities, under the terms of Law n. 23.302 of 2004.
Peru: The Comisión Nacional de los Pueblos Andinos, Amazónicos y Afro-peruanos (CONAPA, Spanish abbreviation for National Commission for Andean, Amazonian, and Afro-Peruvian Populations) was set up in October 2001(Decree n. 111/2001). 
In 2005, Law n. 28495 abolished CONAPA and established the Instituto Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Andinos, Amazónicos y Afroperuanos (INDEPA, Spanish abbreviation for National Institute for the Development of Andean, Amazonian, and Afro-Peruvian Populations). INDEPA is a public independent cross-sectoral body that has the status of a Ministry. Its responsibilities include: (1) to design and approve nationwide policies, programs, and projects for the integral development of Andean, Amazonian, and Afro-Peruvian communities; (2) to work with regional and local governments to plan and coordinate efforts for the development of Andean, Amazonian, and Afro-Peruvian communities; (3) to prepare and update statistics concerning Andean, Amazonian, and Afro-Peruvian communities; (4) to study the usages and customs of Andean, Amazonian, and Afro-Peruvian communities and to endeavor to gain formal recognition.
In August 2002, the Peruvian National Parliament passed Legislative Resolution n. 001-2002-CR that set up the Commission for the Amazonian Region and Indigenous and Afro-Peruvian Affairs to fight poverty, exclusion and discrimination experienced by the most vulnerable communities and foster sustainable development.
Venezuela: Presidential Decree n. 1795 was issued in 2002 to protect the languages of the Indigenous peoples.
In 2004, a new Migration and Immigration Law was enacted, replacing a number of previous regulations that had been in effect since 1837. Over one million people who were living illegally in Venezuela could then regularize their status.
Mexico
On 11 June 2003, a law was introduced for the Prevention and Elimination of Discrimination. As a consequence of this law, the National Council for the Prevention of Discrimination was created. In 2001, a law relating to the National Commission for the development of Indigenous Communities was introduced. In addition to this, the General Law of Linguistic Rights of Indigenous Communities was introduced in 2003. This law then led to the creation of the National Institute of Indigenous Languages. 
In March 2006, a law was approved for the protection of migrants and their families and the Protection of Migrants and their Families was created. There is also a law relating specifically to equality between the sexes and a law governing access to women to a life free of violence. An intensive programme was implemented (from 2001 to May 2007) to educate government functionaries and professionals in the specific area of human rights. 
Panama
Executive decree No.124 of 27 May 2005 creates the Special Commission for the establishment of a governmental policy for the full inclusion of the Afro-Panamanian ethnic group. In addition, as requested by the political Platform of the Afro-Panamanians, article 9 of the Electoral Code was modified in order to allow those deprived of liberty to vote. 

Legal measures at the national level

Europe

Austria
In 2004 and 2006, a new legislative framework in the field of non-discrimination was introduced. The Act on the Equal Treatment Commission and the Ombudspersons’ Office for Equal Treatment was passed; the Equal Treatment Act and the Federal Equal Treatment Act were amended. The Act on Equal Treatment for Persons with Disabilities was passed, and the Act on the Employment of Persons with Disabilities was amended. The protection hitherto afforded against gender discrimination is now also applied to discrimination on grounds of ethnic origin, religion and ideology, sexual orientation, disability, and age.
Belgium
Belgium has enacted an arsenal of laws against racism since Durban. These build on the constitution and include the law of 10 May 2007 aimed against discrimination, including against language, religious conviction and social origin, and also the law of 10 May 2007 which modified that of July 1981, suppressing actions inspired by racism and xenophobia. In 2003 and 2007, the law expanded the competence of the Centre for Equality and the Combat Against Racism, giving it authority over many additional elements of discrimination based on race.
Bulgaria
In September 2003, the National Assembly adopted the Law on Protection against Discrimination, amended in 2004 and 2006, which provides enhanced protection of all physical persons and juridical entities on the Bulgarian territory against all forms of discrimination and contributes to prevention of such incidences. 
The Commission for Protection against Discrimination was established in April 2005 with the main objective “to prevent discrimination, to protect against discrimination and to ensure equal opportunities.” The body imposes sanctions and issues mandatory prescriptions for changes wherever acts of discrimination have been committed. In 2006, the National Council on Ethnic and Demographic Issues, established in 1997, was reorganized into National Council for Cooperation on Ethnic and Demographic Issues, with an increased number of participating ministries. 
Hungary
The law CXXV of 2003 concerning equal treatment and promotion of equal opportunity came into force in January 2004. The aim is to proceed against all forms of discrimination, the right for dignified human respect, the protection of human and fundamental civil rights and the provision of efficient legal defence for those suffering discrimination. In March 2004, the Hungarian Government adopted its decree No. 1021/2004. (III. 18.) on the Governmental Program and measures for the promotion of Roma people’s social integration which defined governmental actions for the period of 2004-2006. In June 2006 the Hungarian Parliament adopted the Decade of Roma Inclusion Program Strategic Plan. – 68/2007 (VI.28.) resolution. For the implementation of the Parliamentary resolution in December 2007 the Government approved a governmental action plan for the period of 2008-2009 – governmental decision 1105/2007 (XII.27.).
  Denmark
In May 2003, the Danish Government’s Act on Ethnic Equal Treatment was adopted by the Danish Parliament. In April 2004, by Act No. 253 amending the Act on Prohibition of Discrimination on the Labour Market etc., the employment aspects of the EU Racial Equality Directive were implemented into Danish law. The Penal Code was amended by Act No. 218 of 31 March 2004, which entered into force on 2 April 2004.
Latvia
Three major provisions were added to the Criminal Code between 2005 and 2007, one criminalizing incitement to genocide, another introducing racist motivation into the list of aggravating circumstances to be taken into account by the courts when deciding upon a sanction, and another clarifying the distinction between racial discrimination and racist speech. There were also other provisions that entered into force in 2007 relating to incitement to national, ethnic and 	racial hatred, breaches of prohibition of discrimination and incitement to religious enmity, all with corresponding penal provisions. In April 2004 the Labour Code was amended to introduce a clear prohibition of discrimination, including on the grounds of race, skin colour, religious belief and national origin. The code also contains provisions allowing for a shared burden of proof in discrimination cases.  Similar provisions were incorporated into the Law on Social Security. Two main policy documents have been developed and are implemented with the focus of preventing and fighting discrimination; these are the National Programme for the Promotion and Tolerance and National Programme “Roma in Latvia” and National Programme “Roma in Latvia” with a corresponding Action Plan which aim to promote inclusion and integration of Roma community.
A Latvian court recently ordered a company to pay compensation for mental anguish suffered by a Roma woman who had been discriminated against on ethnic grounds. This set a positive precedent. The Secretariat of Special Assignments Minister for Social Integration has developed a number of innovative initiatives in the area of education that promote the rights of the Roma in Latvia. 
Romania
In 2002 the Emergency Ordinance prohibited organizations and symbols with fascist, racist and xenophobic character. Further amendments to the Ordinance offer an extended definition of the Holocaust so as to include the Roma people. Audio-visual Law of 2002 forbade broadcast programmes which contain any form of incitement to hatred, including on the basis of race, nationality and religion. Law on political parties of 2003 ensures the representation of all the 20 national minorities existing in Romania in the Parliament. Law on prevention and combating social marginalization guarantees access to all persons rights of housing, work, medical insurance and education. Law of 2006 on immigration provides legal protection framework for foreigners applying for asylum. Other Governmental decisions taken since 2002 impose an obligation on public institutions to ensure protection of all foreigners. The National Agency for Roma was created in 2004 to address public policies affecting the Roma people. The NCCD has designed a National Strategy for Implementing Measures on Preventing and Combating Discrimination (2007-2013). Other cultural and educational programmes have been started.
Russian Federation
The Federal Law on national-cultural autonomies was amended in June 2004 entitling them to financial support for the preservation of the national origin, development of mother tongue and national culture. The Federal Law “Legal Grounds of the Russian Federation on Culture”, lastly amended in January 2007, guarantees people and ethnic groups the right to “preserve and enhance their cultural-national identity, protection, restoration and preservation of native culturally-historical areas of residence”. In December 2003, the Penal Code was amended with article 127 on trafficking in persons.During 2007, there were 200 cases on xenophobic attacks and conflicts.
Slovak Republic
The Anti-Discrimination Act has been in force since July 2004 and it regulates the application of the principle of equal treatment. It contains provisions on equality that are embedded in the constitution, national laws and international treaties. The Anti-Discrimination Act transposed several EU directives into Slovak legislation, which introduce new legal concepts that had not been addressed by Slovak laws on discrimination and which extend the grounds on which discrimination is prohibited. The Action Plan for the Prevention of all forms of discrimination, racism, xenophobia and intolerance has been updated several times since it was first prepared in 2000. The 2006-2008 Action Plan lists the priorities to be pursued, which include training, investigation, legislation. Intensified monitoring, implementation of activities aimed at disadvantaged members of the population, promotion of cultural activities and other promotional work pursued by the inter-ministerial group charged with the implementation of the Plan. In 2004 the competence of the Slovak National Centre for Human Rights was extended to expand government’s work in combating racism and has improved rights of discriminated Roma people.
Switzerland
The government has established structures to facilitate the integration of foreigners and fight against racism. The new law on foreigners became effective in January 2008, elevating for the first the policy of integration to a national task anchored in the law. In this regard the departments and federal offices concerned drafted a catalogue of 45 measures to give this effect, for a sum of 50 million francs. Measures include improvement of migrant healthcare, professional integration of women, training, tracking racism on the internet and the elaboration of media codes of conduct.
UK
With regard to the questions contained in the annex of the questionnaire, the United Kingdom indicated that it has a comprehensive body of legislation outlawing racial discrimination and providing protection under the criminal law from racist crime and incitement to racial hatred. This legislation includes statutory duties on public authorities to tackle racial discrimination and promote equality of opportunity and good race relations. It went on to describe several such pieces of legislation that relate to acts of racism and that prohibit discrimination in employment, training, the provision of goods, facilities and services, education, housing and certain other activities. Also, a general duty exists on the main public authorities to promote race equality.
Cyprus
There were important developments in case-law. In 2001, by the judgment of the Supreme Court of Cyprus on the case of Yiallourou vs. Evgenios Nicolaou, it was established that violation of human rights is an actionable right which can be pursued in civil courts against those perpetrating the violation, and victims are entitled, inter alia, to just and reasonable compensation for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damages. Moreover, the Combating of Racism and Other Discrimination (Commissioner) Law 2004, vests the Commissioner for Administration who is an independent officer with special competences, duties and power for combating and eliminating discrimination in both public and private sectors. Under this law, any person or group may file a complaint to the Commissioner for being a subject to discrimination prohibited by any law. The Commissioner can carry out investigations ex pro prio motu on incidents of discrimination. 
Findings and reports made by the Commissioner, when involving discriminatory provisions/terms/criteria/practices/found in legislation, must be communicated to the Attorney-General of the Republic. The Commissioner also has the power to prepare and publish Codes of Practice with regard to any activity of a public authority or person in the private sector, obliging them to take the practical measures specified in the Code. The Commissioner has a duty to carry out surveys, prepare statistics and organize consultations and meeting of persons and groups of different or conflicting interests. 
Cyprus has ratified Protocol No.12 to the European Convention of Human Rights which has been in force since April 2005. In 2005, it ratified the Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cyber Crime.
Specific legislations sets up an institutional framework for the examination of international protections needs, namely asylum applications. 
Moreover Cyprus law criminalizes, inter alia, a number of acts/conduct among which: incitement to acts or activities likely to cause racial discrimination, violence or hatred, public expression of ideas which are racially insulting, publication of material that promotes ill-will or hostility between different communities, establishment or participation in organizations that promote racial discrimination. 
Estonia
With regard to the core questions, Estonia replied that in 2006, article 151 of the Penal Code was amended penalizing incitement to discriminate and provides for liability for legal persons. Among the extra-judicial institutions whose task is to guarantee the protection of constitutional rights and freedoms are the Chancellor of Justice and the Commissioner for Gender Equality. Estonia is a party of ICERD since 1991. The next periodic report to CERD will be submitted in 2008 and in this report the points raised in the 2006-year concluding observations will be addressed. The Draft Equality Act, in accordance with the Council of the European Union directives 2000/43 and 2000/78, foresees detailed anti-discrimination provisions, inter alia, in the areas of education, social protections, health care and access to publicly available goods and services. In 2005, the rules to obtain Estonian citizenship were simplified. 
Finland
In 2003 the Penal Code was amended including a provision on racist motives as grounds for increasing the severity of the punishment. Several legal measures came into force in 2004 among which: the Non-Discrimination Act 21/2004 implementing Council Directives 2000/43 and 2000/78, a new Aliens Act, an Act on the Exercise of Freedom of Expression in Mass Media and a completely revised Language Act.  Compliance with the provisions of the Non-Discrimination Act is supervised by the Ombudsman for Minorities and the National Discrimination Tribunal. 
There are several national institutions fighting racism and discrimination among which: the Chancellor of Justice of the Government and Parliamentary Ombudsman, Ombudsman for Minorities, National Discrimination Tribunal, Ombudsman for Discrimination and Equality Council of the Aland Islands.
Asia
Qatar
There are laws under way that include protection for domestic workers. The state is witnessing a dynamic development in the legal development which includes laws against racism such as the law on nationality, civil service and housing. There are recommendations about reuniting migrant workers’ families and others. There are also measures to raise awareness and diversity.

Africa

Mauritania: New law on slavery adopted

In Mauritania one of the challenges in combating racial discrimination involves the  abolition of slavery in all its forms. A positive development in this respect, took place in 2007 when the Mauritanian Parliament passed a bill into law to make slavery a crime punishable by up to ten years in prison in a bid to finally wipe out the persistent practice officially abolished in 1981. Under the new law, voted unanimously people convicted of acts of slavery will for the first time risk between five and ten years in prison.
South Africa: New equality laws 
South Africa has not only ended with the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Amendment Act 2002 but has gone on to enact several other pieces of legislation. One such act in an effort to promote inequality is the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act of 2003. This act, which was passed to promote the achievement of the Constitutional right to equality aims at increasing broad-based and effective participation of black people in the South African economy and promote a higher growth rate, increased empowerment and more equitable income distribution. 
	Further in line with the Constitution of South Africa and measures expected to be taken by states under the Durban Programme of Action, South Africa in 2002 passed the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities Act, 2002 to protect the rights of minorities in terms of cultural, religious and linguistic communities. 
This act to a large extent aims at promoting understanding and tolerance among communities. This in itself is a first step towards the elimination of racial discrimination as defined in Article 1 of the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (ICERD).
In line with the Durban Programme of Action the South African National Sport and Recreation Amendment Act No. 18 of 2007 aims at redressing the inequalities in sport and recreation by optimizing the participation, involvement and ownership of previously disadvantaged communities in the playing, administration, managements and support of sport and recreation in the Republic. The Amendment Act provides in sections 13A, 13B and 13C, guidelines or policies for the promotion of equity, representation and redress in sport. 

-Provision of effective remedies, recourse, redress, and compensatory and other measures at all levels;
Legal remedies 
Other remedies 
-Strategies to achieve full and effective equality, including international cooperation and enhancement of the United Nations and other international mechanisms in combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.
IGWG recommendations on best strategies
Promotion of education 
The Working Group recognizes that education, both formal and nonformal, is an essential tool for raising awareness about the scourge of racial discrimination and for promoting nondiscriminatory and more inclusive societies.  In this regard, the Working Group underscores the need for all societies to respect cultural diversity and to promote tolerance by formulating educational policies and programmes in conformity with the universal principles of equality and nondiscrimination. The Working Group also recommends the establishment of educational plans or guidelines to promote tolerance, cultural interaction, respect for cultural diversity and human rights guaranteed at the international level.  In this respect, the Working Group will coordinate its work with UNESCO, in particular with respect to their initiatives in the area ‘Dialogue among Civilizations’.
Poverty eradication
The Working Group reaffirms that poverty, underdevelopment, marginalization, social exclusion and economic disparities are closely associated with racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and contribute to the persistence of racist attitudes and practices which in turn generate more poverty.  The Working Group encourages States to take this close correlation into consideration when they plan development policies;
The Working Group is concerned that, in many parts of the world, the Millennium Development Goal of reducing by half, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people living on less than one dollar a day, has so far not been met.  Similarly, the relevant commitments made in Durban have also not been realized.  The Working Group appeals to States, individually or through international cooperation, to enhance their policies and measures to reduce income and wealth inequalities.  The Working Group emphasizes that the ultimate goal remains the total eradication of poverty.
Equality in health services
The introduction of an anti-discrimination perspective in health policies and programmes, including in those developed in the framework of poverty reduction strategies, should ensure that health services are accessible, affordable and culturally and linguistically appropriate to all sectors of society, including to vulnerable groups and victims of multiple forms of discrimination.
Health education campaigns should be elaborated and carried out.  Culturally sensitive information and recommendations about health and health care should be disseminated in appropriate languages, and messages must be adapted to special conditions (disabilities, language, gender and illiteracy) of their intended audiences.
Elaboration of complementary International Standards
The Working Group remained seized of its mandate to prepare complementary international standards to strengthen and update international instruments against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in all their aspects.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The establishment of international bodies for the protection of human rights, including the bodies of the Council of Europe (ECRI) and the UN (CERD Committee) for combating racism, intolerance and prevention of all forms of discrimination, as well as the adoption of the DDPA contribute in a high-quality manner to strengthening mechanisms for the protection of human rights through awareness raising of target groups aimed at strengthening tolerance, linking diversities, equality before the law, realisation of rights to equal access to courts, rights to freedom of conscience and religion, right to education etc. 
Egypt
The international community has agreed that international frameworks should be created in accordance to the DDPA which has recommended that complementary standards be created to enhance and complement the ICERD. Countries should close legal gaps that exist. The Council should: (a) follow up on all the mechanisms and working groups,(b) be involved in the preparation for Durban review (c) enhance national and international efforts to combat racism (d) have an active role in filling the gaps and prepare recommendations on how to best do this (e) play a critical role in the implementation of the DDPA. There are legal and procedural gaps that should be addressed to give protection to vulnerable groups. Other issues to be addressed include defamation of religion and foreign occupation.
Other strategies proposed by EU Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA)
Enhancing regional cooperation to combat racism
Since its establishment of the EUMC in 1997, the Agency (EUMC/FRA) has been an important element in enhancing regional coordination on combating racism between the Member States of the European Union. Each Member State has nominated a government official to act as contact point for the Agency (National Liaison Officer). The National Liaison Officers (NLOs) help promote the work and findings of FRA among relevant government departments and bodies. The NLOs meet regularly under the auspices of the Agency (EUMC/FRA) for the purpose of information sharing with the Agency. These meetings, which have been held since March 2000 (first meeting of “EUMC government liaison contacts”), have also fostered the exchange of information and “good practice” between relevant national government officials at EU on the combat against racism and racial discrimination. 
The Agency has also worked to enhance regional coordination with relevant intergovernmental organisations, the Council of Europe’s European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) in particular, but also with the OSCE’s Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and the United Nations (OHCHR Anti-Discrimination Unit, Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism and Racial Discrimination, Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, UNESCO Section Against Discrimination and Racism, etc.). 
FRA, ODIHR, ECRI and OHCHR have instituted regular inter-agency coordination meetings and other forms of co-operation. This has served the purpose of identifying synergies, avoiding duplication and undertaking complementary activities. This inter-agency co-operation has helped to realise projects and initiatives to support States in dealing with hate/racist crimes, policy-making for Roma, and developing responses to specific forms of intolerance such as anti-Semitism and Islamophobia. It has also advanced common efforts to highlight the importance of improving data collection on racist crime and racial equality. 
Data collection and disaggregation, research and study

FRA, according to its founding Regulation, collects reliable, objective and comparative data, on a variety of fundamental rights issues, in accordance to its Multiannual Framework, including on racism, xenophobia and related intolerance. In order to obtain its data on racism and xenophobia at national level, the Agency operates since 2000 a European Racism and Xenophobia Information Network (RAXEN) composed of National Focal Points (NFPs) in each Member State. These NFPs are selected through an open call for tender and contracted to collect publicly available data and information at the local, regional and national level.  The output of the NFPs is used as background material for the Agency’s comparative reports. The FRA publishes its findings and analysis in its annual reports, as well as reports and studies specific to different subjects (such as anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, or the situation of Roma). 

The guidelines for data collection developed by the Agency and the experience and expertise gathered since the establishment of the EUMC in 1997 have been shared and exchanged both at the national level with States and at the regional level with organisations such as the Council of Europe and OSCE/ODIHR.	
An overview of the data collection and research activities on racism and xenophobia by the EUMC (2000-2006) is available at:
http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/discussion/EUMC_methodology_paper_en.pdf http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/discussion/EUMC_methodology_paper_en.pdf
The Agency has reported in its annual reports and other publications on the relative paucity of official statistical data on the situation regarding racial discrimination and racist violence. A key conclusion and opinion in all areas of past FRA/EUMC work has therefore been the need for the EU Member States to develop more effective systems and mechanisms to collect, record, and assess data and information related to racism and xenophobia within the framework of data protection legislation and guidelines.
The Fundamental Rights Agency is currently carrying out a major study on ‘Discrimination and Victimisation in EU Member States: Experiences and Attitudes of Immigrants and Other Minorities’. This study was developed to address the lack of comparable criminal justice data on racist crime in the EU, which is due to the different, and in many cases non-existent, data collection systems in the EU Member States. The study is designed to capture the ‘vulnerable’ communities’ experiences of criminal victimisation, including any incidents that are ‘racially’, ethnically or religiously motivated, including “racial profiling”. Within the scope of the survey a 'mini questionnaire' on randomly selected members of the majority population who are neighbours of the survey's minority respondents will also be conducted in selected Member States. This will focus specifically on experiences of law enforcement controls to see if there are striking differences between majority and minority respondents concerning such experiences. Currently there is no EU-wide data on law enforcement controls, so this information will provide “matched” results concerning how often majority and minority respondents are being controlled, and, importantly in the context of discriminatory treatment, how they are treated when they are controlled.
Other strategies and proposals
Contribution by the African Group
Priority themes where lack of implementation and dangerous trends are apparent :
Provision of effective remedies, recourse, redress, and compensatory and other measures at the national, regional and international levels.

Assessing the situation of victims of racism and racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, in particular Africans and people of African descent, Arabs, Asians and people of Asian descent,  migrants, refugees, asylum seekers, persons belonging to minorities, and indigenous peoples.

Achieving racial equality, in particular participation in political life and the economic, social and cultural situation of the individuals and various groups and communities in  a given society. 

Assessing the presents situation and contributing to achieving racial equality, including through the collection and use of disaggregated statistics on various groups, the development of guidelines in this regard, and finalizing the Racial Equality Index. 

Examining the sharp increase in political parties and movements which adopt xenophobic platforms.  

In this context, States are required to report on the measures taken to quell the elaboration and implementation of racist political programs, and specific national mechanisms should be established to verify that the programmes of political parties are not based on racist ideas or motivations.  
Addressing the scourges of anti-Semitism, Christianophobia, and Islamophobia as contemporary forms of racism, as well as racial and violent movements based on racism and discriminatory ideas directed at African, Arab, Christian, Jewish, Muslim and other communities.

In this context, an assessment must be conducted as to the extent to which these racist phenomena are addressed through specific laws. Furthermore, national mechanisms should be established with a view to specifically examine these phenomena. 

Examining the current state of affairs in the elaboration of complementary international standards to update and strengthen international instruments against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in all their aspects.

Assessing the contribution of civil society organizations in fighting racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and the ways and means to enhance this role. 

2. Assessment of the effectiveness of the existing Durban follow-up mechanisms and other United Nations mechanisms dealing with the issue of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in order to enhance them.
Introduction
During the last PrepCom this issue was discussed against Objective 2 of the Durban Review Conference. During discussions on this Objective,  there was general recognition of the valuable contribution made by all the Durban follow-up mechanisms to the implementation of the DDPA and to the review process. There was also agreement that the DRC should aim to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the Durban follow-up mechanisms. To that end, several- not mutually exclusive- approaches and measures were suggested:
-identify complementarity between the mandates and functions of existing mechanisms 
-promote increased synergies and cooperation among follow-up mechanisms, as well as other relevant mechanisms
-assess effectiveness of the mechanisms including through assessing States’ level of engagement with, and responsiveness to, their recommendations
-assess if and to what extent the parallel work of the existing mechanisms may: dilute attention to collective efforts to address racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance; undermine efforts to mainstream the fight against racism in the UN system; diminish visibility and accessibility to the outside world; undermines coherence and coordination; result in overlaps; and undermine cross-sectoral work in the area of racism and racial discrimination 
-consider how to rationalize and streamline existing mandates, also in view of the outcome of the DRC, so as to avoid duplication and ensure full protection and in line with resolution 5/1 of the Human Rights Council
-raise awareness about and increase visibility of the follow-up mechanisms at the international and national level
-strengthen the mandate of the follow-up mechanism to allow them as appropriate, to undertake follow-up country visits
-promote the explicit endorsement of the recommendations of the follow-up mechanisms by the General-Assembly and the Human Rights Council
-promote the integration of the recommendations of the follow-up mechanisms into new international standards
-promote an enhanced participation of civil society organizations and victims in the work of the follow-up mechanisms
-enhance dialogue between states ant the follow-up mechanisms
-mainstream the output of the follow-up mechanisms throughout the UN system, in particular in the work of specialized agencies such as UNHCR and UNESCO
-explore potential in promoting universal ratification of CERD and declaration of art. 14 to strengthen the Committee’ monitoring role
-keep in mind the role and work of other thematic mechanisms (minorities, migrants, freedom of opinion and belief, etc)
-strengthen financial and human resources to support the work of relevant mechanisms and ensure equal support to all mechanisms
-consider how best the mechanisms can address issues such as effective remedy and compensation, as well as root causes of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.
Member state observations regarding effectiveness of Durban mechanisms
Europe
There is a multiplication of mechanisms since Durban, which risks to dilute the attention that racism deserves. This also makes it harder for the mechanisms to be accessed by outsiders. The review conference needs to address this. (Belgium)
There is a risk of overlapping and duplication. The proliferation of mechanisms dedicated to racism and racial discrimination can be detrimental. The Durban Review Conference is a good opportunity to decide on rationalization and streamlining of these mechanisms in order to enhance their effectiveness. (Bulgaria)
Overlaps, multiplication and duplication of measures should be avoided. If necessary, mechanisms may need to be streamlined and rationalized. At the upcoming Review Conference the work of the various mechanisms set up in the aftermath of the Durban Conference should thus be evaluated. (Denmark)
The Durban follow-up mechanism has so far neglected to strengthen measures aimed at inducing UN member States which are not yet parties to the ICERD and its individual complaint mechanism to adhere to this legal instrument and its monitoring regime without delay. The establishment of specialized regional monitoring mechanisms, such as the European Commission on Racism and Intolerance, should be promoted in the Durban follow-up process. (Liechtenstein)
There are numerous other mechanisms in place within the United Nations framework in addition to the Durban follow up mechanism. The proliferation of mechanisms addressing racial discrimination and racism can be detrimental to the fight against these scourges. Indeed, the multiplication of interlocutors at the UN level undermines their visibility and accessibility by the outside world. Therefore there is need to rationalize and streamline these mechanisms. The Review Conference provides a good opportunity to decide on this rationalization with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of these mechanisms. Until the Review Conference, all the existing mechanisms should concentrate their work on their contributions to the review process without taking any new initiatives. (Slovenia)
Africa
Position of Africa Group on Enhancing the effectiveness of the Durban mechanisms requires the following: 
Creating the necessary synergy between the various Durban mechanisms. 
Raising awareness of and bringing visibility to these mechanism through campaigns to be undertaken by the OHCHR and Governments at the national level. 
Granting these mechanisms added competence on follow-up, such as additional requests for information on the implementation of recommendations and follow-up visits.  
Direct and explicit endorsement of their recommendations in GA and HRC resolutions, thus giving these recommendations added political weight. 
Incorporating the relevant recommendations in the new international standards to be developed in the area of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. 
Enhancing the participation of civil society organizations and of the actual victims of racism in the meeting of the various Durban mechanisms.  
Mainstreaming the output of the Durban Mechanisms throughout the UN system, in particular its specialized agencies, such as UNHCR and UNESCO. 

Americas

Uruguay
The government of Uruguay considers that the current Durban follow-up mechanisms are insufficient.

Colombia

Colombia highly acknowledges the UN different mechanisms around the issue and strongly supported a national expert to actually become a member of the CERD. In Brazil’s Conferences Colombia recognized a broad agenda against discrimination, including the one based on race, but also on gender, disability, sexual orientation, religion, migration and displacement, amongst other. Regionally, several mechanisms were created to fight against racism and racial discrimination. 

Panama

The government believes that its mechanisms against racism, xenophobia and other forms of intolerance are efficient and humanitarian. 
Asia

Korea
The Government of ROK believes that the existing Durban mechanisms should be able to address some of the controversial issues more effectively in preparation for the Durban Review Conference. Meanwhile it estimates that the UN legal and institutional mechanisms dealing with these issues are effective and relevant, although dialogue and political will to implement those legal and institutional mechanisms need to be more intensified.
3. Promotion of the universal ratification and implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) and proper consideration of the recommendations of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
Introduction
This was discussed at the last PrepCom against Objective 3. There was general consensus that the International Convention for he Elimination of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) represents the core legal instrument the implementation of which is fundamental for success in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. The ICERD is therefore of crucial relevance for the implementation of the DDPA. In this connection, there was general consensus that the DRC should:
-call on states that have not already done so to ratify or accede to the ICERD
-call on states to withdraw reservations incompatible with the purpose and objectives of the ICERD
-call on states to undertaken an assessment of existing reservations in light of development in national legislation and practice and with a view to their withdrawal
-call on states that haven’t already done so to make the declaration under article 14 of the ICERD recognizing the competence of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) to receive individual complaints of alleged violations of the provisions of ICERD by States parties
There was general acknowledgement of the important role played by CERD. In particular there was appreciation for: CERD’s addressing discrimination on multiple grounds; the undertaking of follow-up visits; and CERD’s early warning and urgent action procedure. There was a general recognition that the failure of states parties to report to CERD and to implements its concluding observations represent a major obstacle to the effectiveness of CERD’s work. In this connection, it was suggested that the DRC should discuss measures to increase the effectiveness of CERD including by, inter alia:
allowing CERD to undertake country visits and to assist national mechanisms mandated to combat racism and racial discrimination
encouraging CERD to undertake more responsibilities in providing technical advice for the implementation of its concluding observation
encouraging candidature of experts from all over the world
promoting national awareness of ICERD and its individual complaints procedure
encouraging NIs to play an active role in monitoring the implementation of CERD’s concluding observations
enhancing the early warning and urgent action procedure
encouraging CERD to undertake, in cooperation with relevant states, an assessment of major obstacles to the ratification of ICERD and to the implementation of the Committee’s concluding observations
encouraging CERD to look into ways of facilitating the submission of reports by states parties and exploring ways to provide support to states that have difficulties in complying with reporting obligations.

Contributions by states and stakeholders on this issue
CERD Committee 
The Committee notes the acknowledgement in paragraph 79 of the Durban Declaration that “the obstacles to overcoming racial discrimination and achieving racial equality mainly lie in the lack of political will, weak legislation and lack of implementation strategies and concrete action by States”.  The Committee fully agrees with this observation and stresses further that, as is the case with all international normative standards, ICERD is very useful and effective for States that genuinely wish to abide by it. ICERD has helped to improve the situation in many countries. Where it has failed, it may be because the necessary political will is lacking in the States concerned.

Furthermore, the Committee regrets the limited understanding by many States parties regarding the meaning and scope of the definition of the concept of racial discrimination as provided in article 1 of the Convention (see developments in replies to questions 2 and 3 in this regard), which may lead some States to deny or minimize the extent of racial discrimination in their territory.

 CERD regrets that despite its own recommendations and the recommendations of the IGWG at its various sessions, insufficient progress has been made in relation to the recommendations made in paragraph 75 of the Durban Programme of Action regarding the following issues: 

While the goal of universal ratification of ICERD by 31 December 2005 has not been achieved, the number of States parties to the Convention has gone from 158 to 173 between August 2001 and March 2008. 
Declarations under Article 14 of ICERD regarding communications by individuals and groups of individuals: Despite the encouragements of the Intergovernmental Working Group and calls to States made by CERD in its concluding observations, the number of States that have made this declaration has only progressed from 34 to 52 between 2001 and 2008. The lack of availability of this international remedy for victims of racial discrimination is very much regretted by the Committee.
 States compliance with reporting obligations to CERD: Delays in reporting remains a major obstacle to the Committee’s work and the effective implementation of the Convention. As at 27 March 2008, 84 out of 173 States parties were late in the submission of two or more reports
Contribution of the African Group on the ICERD implementation and observance
The universality of the convention is already an objective of the DDPA, which should have been accomplished within the timeframe set therein. 
Withdrawing, at the earliest possible time, all reservations and interpretative statements which incompatible with the object and purpose of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, in addition to making the declaration under article 14 of ICERD.  
Making the declaration envisaged in article 14 of the ICERD. 
Granting the Committee on the Elimination  of Racial Discrimination the competence to undertake field visits, as well as to assume a role in assisting national mechanisms mandated to combat racism and racial discrimination. 
Enhancing follow-up to the implementation of the recommendations of the CERD, including those pertaining to States’ obligations in situations of armed conflict and territories falling under their effective control, where the protection provided by international law is at its weakest level. 
CERD should undertake more responsibilities in providing technical assistance to States Parties, upon their request, in relation to the interpretation with of the scope of the Convention.


Other inputs on ICERD compliance 
Europe
Belgium
Belgium has complied with the ICERD and has recently presented a report before the Committee. Recommendations of the Committee are taken very seriously and have fundamentally influenced the elaboration of pertinent legislation in Belgium. It is necessary to push efforts aiming at universal ratification of the ICERD. Every two years Belgium and Slovenia lodge a resolution at the General Assembly aimed at supporting the work of the Committee.
Africa:
49 African States have ratified the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and 3 of them have recognised the competence of the Committee under the terms of Article 14 of the Convention.
Latin America
32 of the 35 OAS Member States have ratified the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, nine of them have recognized the competence of the Committee under the terms of article 14 of the Convention; all but one of the OAS Member States (the United States) have ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women, 18 of them have also ratified the Optional Protocol to the Convention; 34 OAS Member States (the exception is the USA) have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child; and 13 OAS Member States have ratified the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Member of their Families. Furthermore, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has been ratified by 27 OAS Member States and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by 30 OAS Member States, and 21 of them have also ratified the Optional Protocol to this International Convention.

Within the ILO framework, of the 35 OAS Member States, 15 have ratified the International Labour Organization Migration for Employment Convention (revised), 1949 (n. 97); 33 have ratified the International Labour Organization Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (n. 111); just one (Venezuela) has ratified the International Labour Organization Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 (n. 143); and 13 have ratified the International Labour Organization Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (n. 169).	

Ratification of relevant international instruments
Europe
The ratification of international legal instruments has improved in many European States during last years. Some States have made substantial progresses in acceding to the international legal instruments relevant to the fight against racism and racial discrimination, such as Georgia that has ratified many international human rights conventions. However there are still many States that have not made significant progresses. This situation is more serious in particular when the lack of ratification goes together with the lack of a significant national antidiscrimination law. Therefore it is important to keep on promoting the ratification, as a minimum standard of protection against discrimination.
There are still at least two main points of concern: the lack of ratifications of the International Convention on Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families and the reservations that States have done limiting the functions of the international bodies activities. 
International Convention on Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families
There seems not to be any intention to ratify the International Convention on Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families by those European States that have not done it up to now, although the Convention reaffirms rights already enshrined in other UN and ILO conventions in force. This regards in particular the States of immigration, reluctant to bind themselves through a convention where the rights of migrant workers, also irregular, and in particular equal treatment, are clearly stated. It is worth it to note that for the EU member States there could be the chance to decide the ratification at EU level as a mixed agreement. This according both to Art. 62 EC Treaties and the secondary law that European Union is going to adopt on rights of migrant workers.
Protocol No. 12 to the European Convention on Human Rights
Only three EU member States have ratified Protocol No. 12
Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level
A common reservation made by States member of the Council of Europe is that relating to Chapter C of the Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level, which concerns the attribution of eligibility and voting rights at local elections to foreign residents. Only few States have not made reservations on this point, e.g. Iceland, while the others, such as UK and Italy, do not have plans to remove that reservation, thus excluding foreign citizens legally residents in their country from the political participation at least in the local level elections, which instead could be one of the tools planned to promote the social integration of migrants.
4. Identification and sharing of best practices achieved at the national, regional and international levels in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. 
Introduction
This was issue was also extensively discussed at the last PrepCom against Objective 4 of the Review Conference. There was general agreement that adequate space should be given to the sharing of good practices among states and stakeholders. The Review Conference, it was observed, should focus on best practices relevant to the DDPA, allowing also for a critical analysis of its implementation. 
Below are some of the good practices that were mentioned during the discussion at the PrepCom. The need to maintain a gender perspective and to ensure the close involvement of the civil society in all these endeavors was stressed.
Example of good practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance:
- democratic and inclusive processes to overcome centuries old racism and racial discrimination, including the establishment of truth and reconciliation mechanisms 
-issuing formal apologies to victims of historic injustices
-devising means for collective compensation
-devising national policies to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including through the participatory development of national action plans that should promote cross-sectoral cooperation and coordination 
-developing affirmative action programmes
-ensuring public reporting on the implementation of public policies
-creating funds to support civil society projects to combat racism and racial discrimination, including through training, education and assistance to the victims. 
- developing comprehensive legal frameworks to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in all spheres, such as equality or equal treatment acts. Legislative reforms could inter alia encompass strengthening punishments for crimes of racist nature; considering racism motives as aggravating circumstance for certain crimes; making it possible to use situation test and statistics to have the reversal of the burden of the proof; foresee a positive obligation on public authorities to promote equality; combating incitement to racial and religious hatred, in conformity with art. 20 of ICCPR and 4 of CERD; protecting of particularly vulnerable groups; combating discrimination in the labour market, education, health, housing etc.
-promoting increased vigilance by the judiciary of the implementation of existing legal frameworks, including through adequate training
-setting-up governmental, as well as independent, institutions and agencies at the national and regional levels to combat racism and monitor racist acts and phenomena and the implementation of relevant national legislation
-giving independent national institutions the competence to deal with individual cases and bring them to the courts and to act as mediators.
-Establishing official ministries an institutions with the function of promoting tolerance and intercultural dialogue
- investing in education and awareness raising at an early age, including through leisure activities (sport games, youth camps, multicultural festivals)and undertaking a revision of curricula to raise awareness of different cultures and civilizations and in fair and objective perspectives and to promote a culture of human rights and respect for diversity. 
-investing in training and education of all public officials 
-disseminating a culture of equality and non-discrimination, including through awareness raising and education at all levels and through the media
-compiling and developing studies on racial discrimination to generate adequate diagnosis, in close cooperation with civil society and relevant international organizations/agencies
-developing indicators to measure discrimination, with the assistance of the UN
-organizing national and regional meetings on issues related to racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance
-ensuring the possibility of exchanging good practices on a regular basis at the regional level, through meetings or other institutional arrangements 
Proposals made by the African Group on the sharing of best practices
Elaborating democratic and inclusive processes of overcoming centuries old racism and racial dissemination, including the establishment of national truth and reconciliation committees, and schemes aimed at empowering the victims affected by such discrimination. This is the experience and best practice to be learned through South Africa’s experience in overcoming apartheid and its scourges. 
Issuing formal apologies issued to victims of historic injustices as a means of achieving healing and reconciliation in societies and redressing the impact of such injustices. 
 Devising legislations  and policies which are specific to combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance at the national level, to complement the more general provisions enshrined in national constitutions. 
Setting-up institutions at the national and regional levels to combat racism ,and monitor racist acts and phenomena.  
Elaborating specific laws on combating incitement to racial and religious hatred, in conformity with the obligations undertaken under article 20 of the ICCPR and article 4 of ICERD. 
Issuing  laws on the protection of particularly vulnerable groups, and as required and on a non-selective basis, laws which seek to protect particular groups more susceptible, in certain contexts, to racism. 
Establishing official ministries and institutions with the function of promoting tolerance and intercultural dialogue. 
Introducing of educational curricula aimed at raising awareness of different cultures and civilizations with a fair and objective perspective. 
Commemorating the plight of the victims of historic injustices within the United Nations and beyond. 
Domesticating obligations under ICERD.
Conducting broad consultations at the national level in the implementation of the DDPA. 
Recruitment for various posts at all levels through affirmative action schemes. 
Devising special laws and policies for confronting the ideologies and practices of extreme right wing groups. 

Other proposals and examples of best practices from individual countries
Burkina Faso
The periodic organization of events such as the Panafrican Festival of Cinema and Television (FESPACO) and the international festival of books provides an opportunity for better acceptance of people by others. The Government also organizes special days aimed at foreigners in which cultural activities are organized.
Portugal
A system of “socio-cultural mediators” is operational in Lisbon and Oporto, with 97 such mediators currently. ACIDI created the Roma Communities Support Cabinet aimed at ensuring upward social mobility to Roma communities. Another innovative programme called “My school against discrimination” has been established.
Sweden
The preparation of a “White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue” and the reports on “Hate speech” and the “Wearing of religious symbols in public areas” by the Committee of Experts for the Developemnt of Human Rights (within the framework of the Council of Europe) constitute a good practice. Work on other areas such as democracy, improving accountability and increased use of information, communication and media are also good practices. 
Armenia
The initiatives, among others, include the translation of the manual “Compass” for teaching of human rights. The federation of youth clubs organized a number of initiatives, in collaboration with Baltic and south Caucasus countries, to involve leaders of youth organizations in elaboration of youth policies. The Center for organization of youth activities with the support and financing of the Cultural Ministry has implemented a long term “School of youth leaders”. 
In the context of the fight against racism racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, during the period of 2003-2007, there was one lawsuit on the ground of article 226.2.1. of the Penal Code for incitement of national, racial or religious hatred and one person was found guilty. 
Italy
Good practices have been promoted in the field of sports events as well as in schools and universities in the framework of the initiatives of the European Year of Equal Opportunities. An anti-racism slogan was adopted for a marathon in Rome. Also, during this weekend, anti-racism banners were shown at football, volleyball and basketball events. Three workshops were held in universities on the issue of racial discrimination against Roma and Sinti. Other activities and events have also been organized in primary and secondary schools. UNAR has fostered other initiatives in the field of employment.
Lebanon
Lebanon has established a human rights section within the Directorate of the Internal Police Force. This section is supposed to protect human rights among security staff, raise awareness, protect human rights, prepare draft laws and by-laws in line with human rights, educate and document all that is related to human rights, conduct research on specific cases related to human rights, coordinate with grassroot level organization, regional and international on human rights issues, create a data base on human rights in the country. 
Norway
Good practices include promoting policies of hiring immigrants in public and private spheres, moderate affirmative action in 12 government services and the establishment of a Roma People’s Fund which is aimed at improving opportunities for cultural activities and discontinuing the policy of assimilation towards the Romani people.
Venezuela
Social organisations work collaboratively with the State in confronting inequalities, discrimination and diverse forms of intolerance. In keeping with this, the State created an Office for relations with indigenous communities and an Office for relations with afro-descendent communities. Through these offices, the State maintains a permanent dialogue with these groups. Also, the State is currently implementing four projects directed at people of African decent with the collaboration of UNICEF and the Office for relations with afro-descendent communities.
Some good practices proposed by Permanent Forum for Indigenous Peoples
UNFPA: Strengthening of the Family and Improvement of the Sexual and Reproductive Health of the Ngöbe Indigenous People, Panama:
Factors contributing to success included: The project developed a model with a human face in which the Ngöbe Women’s Association played an outstanding role, support by UNFPA, health, community and project staff. The perseverance of these individuals and organizations and their commitment to changing the alarming sexual and reproductive health situation of the Ngöbe indigenous peoples contributed to sustaining the project through difficult periods; Coordination existed among interested partners with respect to sexual and reproductive health, specifically regarding training of traditional birth attendants.

UNDP: Training for Women Leaders in Decision-making: Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. and Sabah, Malaysia
Factors contributing to success included: Providing comfortable space for the sharing of experiences, visions and problems; working directly with community workers; having trainers from the same communities or peoples as the trainees; having committed and skilled trainers with experience in development and empowerment work; and working in partnership with local organizations, with government and with regional organizations.

FAO: Gender, Biodiversity and Local Knowledge Systems to Strengthen Agricultural and Rural Development: Tanzania, Mozambique and Swaziland
Factors contributing to success included: The research team participated in various workshops conducted to sensitize them regarding gender, participation and local knowledge; each of the different steps of the study was followed by a workshop focused on analysis, report writing, feedback to the pastoral community, and planning of the next step. The feedback workshops provided an important opportunity for the research team to present the data collected to the rural community. The Maasai made comments, provided further inputs, identified gaps, and discussed with the research team how the study was to be continued.

Good Practices on Indigenous Peoples’ Development (2006) focused on the work of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), an international financial institution which took up the challenge of having its projects scrutinized by indigenous peoples. The study included a review of IFAD projects in India, Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, and both identified both good practices and made recommendations for improvements. 

Example of good practice from Council of Europe
From June 2006 to September 2007, the Council of Europe ran a Campaign for
Diversity, Human Rights and Participation, based upon the slogan “All Different –
All Equal”. Various meetings, events, training courses and symposia were
organised, concerning issues related to three pillars of the campaign: diversity,
participation and human rights. Among the various events which took place all over
Europe, five “thematic” weeks were organised in different European cities in order to
raise public awareness and to stimulate reflection on issues closely related to the
themes of the campaign.

5. Identification of further concrete measures and initiatives at all levels for combating and eliminating all manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, in order to foster the implementation of the DDPA and to address challenges and impediments thereto, including in the light of developments since the adoption of the DDPA in 2001.
Proposals from the African Group
Normative measures and other practical solutions: 
Prohibiting, by law, and adopting the necessary policy measures to eliminate racial profiling and profiling based on any grounds of discrimination recognized under international human rights law, envisaging sanctions for those who violate the law and ensuring effective remedies for the victims. 

Prohibiting by law, and adopting the necessary policy measures with a view to combating the dissemination of all ideas based upon racial superiority or hatred, and  incitement to hatred.

In relation to the two abovementioned themes: A) Lawmakers in every country should discharge their responsibilities in conformity with article 20 (2) of the ICCPR, article 4 of ICERD, taking due account of General Comment 15 of CERD; B) A model legislation in this issue should be elaborated, through a joint exercise to be undertaken by the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the Human Rights Committee; C) Permissible limitations on the exercise of the right to freedom of expression should be codified.  

Racism in the media and other modern ICTs, state of implementation of paragra[h 144 of the Durban Programme of Action and the need to draw up a code of conduct, in association with the International Federation for Journalists, that, while taking into account fundamental issues such as the right to freedom of expression, combats racial discrimination against people of African Descent by elaborating standards that must be adhered so as to eliminate the projection and perpetuation, through the media and new technologies, of negative images and stereotypes of African and people of African descent. Such a code should also include provisions that address and combat incitement to racial hatred. 

Establishing the necessary complementarity and balance between human rights and fundamental freedoms with a view to fighting racism and racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. 

Preventive measures to foster the implementation of the DDPA:
Advocacy and the mobilization of political will with all relevant actors in States for the elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. 

Combating impunity for acts of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and maximizing remedies for the victims of these violations. 

Enhancing the role of cultural diversity and human rights education in promoting tolerance and the preventing racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. 

Sharing best practices in the elimination of all forms and manifestations of racism, racial discrimiantion, xenophobia and related intolerance. 

The establishment of national, regional and international monitoring bodies for racist and xenophobic acts, including the OHCHR observatory for racist incidents proposed by the Special Rapporteur on racism. These mechanisms should also undertake a detection role in relation to potential conflict based on racism and racial discrimination.

The collection and analysis of empirical evidence is necessary to the prevention and monitoring of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. 
Other proposals
Proposal on an important challenge observed by Special Rapporteur on racism
The main challenge is now to define the threshold for legitimately restricting freedom of expression in order to protect the victims. In the recommendations contained in the joint report of the Special Rapporteur and the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion and belief, which concerned incitement to racial and religious hatred and the promotion of tolerance, the experts invite the Human Rights Committee “to consider the possibility of adopting complementary standards on the interrelations between freedom of expression, freedom of religion and nondiscrimination, in particular by drafting a general comment on article 20” of the Covenant. To this end, the Special Rapporteur is considering the organization, in cooperation with other mandate-holders, of an international seminar - for lawyers, the media, politicians, representatives of civil society and the United Nations mechanisms concerned - in order to propose principles and ways and means of strengthening the complementarity of freedom of expression, freedom of religion and belief, and the discouragement of racial, ethnic or religious hatred.










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